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  • Chapter 7: Advanced Composite Materials › Description of Composite Structures › Laminated Structures

    Chapter 7: Advanced Composite Materials Description of Composite Structures Introduction Composite materials are becoming more important in the construction of aerospace structures. Aircraft parts made from composite materials, such as fairings, spoilers, and flight controls, were developed during the 1960s ... their weight savings over aluminum parts. New generation large aircraft are designed with all composite fuselage and wing structures, and the repair of these advanced composite materials requires an in-depth knowledge of composite structures, materials, and tooling. The primary…

  • Chapter 6: Aircraft Wood & Structural Repair › Inspection of Wood Structures › External & Internal Inspection

    External & Internal Inspection The inspection should begin with an examination of the external surface of the aircraft. This provides a general assessment of the overall condition of the wood and structure. The wings, fuselage, and empennage should be inspected ... undulation, warping, or any other disparity from the original shape. Where the wings, fuselage, or empennage structure and skins form stressed structures, no departure from the original contour or shape is permissible. [Figure 6-3] Where light structures using single…

  • Chapter 7: Aircraft Materials, Hardware, & Processes › Aircraft Metals › Internal Structure of Metals

    Heat-treating can also make a metal softer and more ductile. No one heat-treating operation can produce all these characteristics. In fact, some properties are often improved at the expense of others. In being hardened, for example, a metal ... become brittle. The various heat-treating processes are similar in that they all involve the heating and cooling of metals. They differ, however, in the temperatures to which the metal is heated, the rate at which it is cooled…

  • Chapter 4: Aircraft Metal Structural Repair › Basic Principles of Sheet Metal Repair › Types of Damage & Defects

    metal, usually to an appreciable depth over a relatively long and narrow area, by mechanical means, as would occur with the use of a saw blade, chisel, or sharp-edged stone striking a glancing blow. • Dent—indentation in a metal ... produced by an object striking with force. The surface surrounding the indentation is usually slightly upset. • Erosion—loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine sand. The eroded area is rough…

  • Chapter 4: Aircraft Metal Structural Repair

    create stress risers that may cause cracks in other locations. As discussed in Chapter 3, Aircraft Fabric Covering, sheet metal aircraft construction dominates modern aviation. Generally, sheet metal made of aluminum alloys is used in airframe sections that serve ... both the structure and outer aircraft covering, with the metal parts joined with rivets or other types of fasteners. Sheet metal is used extensively in many types of aircraft from airliners to single engine airplanes, but it may also appear…