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  • Chapter 16: Cabin Environmental Control Systems › Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning › System Servicing

    Water is removed from the system by evacuation. Anytime the system refrigerant charge falls below atmospheric pressure, the refrigerant is lost, or the system is opened, it must be evacuated before recharging. Evacuating a vapor cycle air conditioning system ... also known as pumping down the system. A vacuum pump is connected and pressure inside the system is reduced to vaporize any water that may exist. Continued operation of the vacuum pump draws the water vapor from the system…

  • Chapter 3: Induction & Exhaust Systems › Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Systems › Reciprocating Engine Exhaust System Maintenance Practices

    Reciprocating Engine Exhaust System Maintenance Practices Any exhaust system failure should be regarded as a severe hazard. Depending on the location and type of failure, an exhaust system failure can result in carbon monoxide poisoning of crew and passengers, partial ... complete loss of engine power, or an aircraft fire. Cracks in components, leaking gaskets, or complete failure can cause serious problems in flight. Often, these failures can be detected before complete failure. Black soot around an exhaust gasket shows…

  • Chapter 9: Navigation Systems › Instrument Approach Systems › Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)

    Instrument Approach Systems Most navigation systems approved for en route and terminal operations under IFR, such as VOR, NDB, and GPS, may also be approved to conduct IAPs. The most common systems in use in the United States ... simplified directional facility (SDF), localizer-type directional aid (LDA), and microwave landing system (MLS). These systems operate independently of other navigation systems. There are new systems being developed, such as WAAS and LAAS. Other systems have been developed for special…