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  • Chapter 6: Takeoffs and Departure Climbs › Ground Effect on Takeoff

    gain in altitude for a given distance over the ground. It is usually slightly less than VY, which is the greatest gain in altitude per unit of time. The specific speeds to be used for a given airplane are stated ... airplanes, a deviation of 5 knots from the recommended speed may result in a significant reduction in climb performance; therefore, the pilot should maintain precise control of the airspeed to ensure the maneuver is executed safely and successfully…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Performance › Climb Performance

    Positive climb performance occurs when an aircraft gains PE by increasing altitude. Two basic factors, or a combination of the two factors, contribute to positive climb performance in most aircraft: 1. The aircraft climbs (gains PE) using excess power above ... that required to maintain level flight, or 2. The aircraft climbs by converting airspeed (KE) to altitude (PE). As an example of factor 1 above, an aircraft with an engine capable of producing 200 horsepower (at a given altitude…

  • Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures › Section 3. En Route Procedures › 5-3-1. ARTCC Communications

    Uplink Message Elements (LVLU) CPDLC Message Sets Operational Definition in PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) W/U LVLU-5 Instruction to maintain the specified level or vertical range. W/U LVLU-6 Instruction that a climb to the specified level or vertical range ... commence and once reached is to be maintained. UM20 CLIMB TO AND MAINTAIN (altitude) Note - Used for a single level UM23 DESCEND TO AND MAINTAIN (altitude) Note - Used for a single level Instruction that a descent to the specified level…

  • Chapter 10: Performance Maneuvers › Introduction

    Introduction Basic flight maneuvers taught to pilots include: straight-and-level, turns, climbs, and descents. As training advances, other performance maneuvers serve to further develop piloting skills. Performance maneuvers enhance a pilot’s proficiency in flight control application, maneuver planning ... situational awareness, and division of attention. To further that intent, performance maneuver design allows for the application of flight control pressures, attitudes, airspeeds, and orientations that constantly change throughout the maneuver. Deficiencies during execution of performance maneuvers often occur when…

  • Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures › Section 4. Two-way Radio Communications Failure › 6-4-1. Two-way Radio Communications Failure

    advised may be expected in a further clearance by the route filed in the flight plan. (b) Altitude. At the HIGHEST of the following altitudes or flight levels FOR THE ROUTE SEGMENT BEING FLOWN: (1) The altitude or flight level ... assigned in the last ATC clearance received; (2) The minimum altitude (converted, if appropriate, to minimum flight level as prescribed in 14 CFR section 91.121(c)) for IFR operations; or (3) The altitude or flight level ATC has advised…

  • Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Altimeter Operation

    altimeter indicates an altitude above the actual field elevation. If the barometric pressure setting is reset to the current altimeter setting of 29.68 "Hg, then the field elevation is again indicated on the altimeter. This pressure change ... easily noticed in flight since aircraft fly at specific altitudes. The aircraft steadily decreases true altitude while the altimeter is held constant through pilot action as discussed in the previous section. Knowing the aircraft’s altitude is vitally important…