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From the FAA library
- Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) › Ground Effect
Ground Effect Ground effect is a factor in every landing and every takeoff in fixed-wing airplanes. Ground effect can also be an important factor in go arounds. If the go-around is made close to the ground, the airplane ... ground effect area. Pilots are often lulled into a sense of false security by the apparent “cushion of air” under the wings that initially assists in the transition from an approach descent to a climb. This “cushion of air,” however…
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Landing Performance
item that alters the landing speed or deceleration rate during the landing roll affects the landing distance. The effect of gross weight on landing distance is one of the principal items determining the landing distance. One effect of an increased ... speed is required to support the aircraft at the landing AOA and lift coefficient. For an example of the effect of a change in gross weight, a 21 percent increase in landing weight requires a ten percent increase in landing…
- Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect
aircraft leaving ground effect after takeoff encounters just the reverse of an aircraft entering ground effect during landing. The aircraft leaving ground effect will: • Require an increase in AOA to maintain the same CL • Experience an increase in induced drag ... nose-up change in moment • Experience a reduction in static source pressure and increase in indicated airspeed Ground effect must be considered during takeoffs and landings. For example, if a pilot fails to understand the relationship between the aircraft…
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Takeoff Performance
Figure 11-19 illustrates the general effect of wind by the percent change in takeoff or landing distance as a function of the ratio of wind velocity to takeoff or landing speed. The effect of proper takeoff speed is especially ... initial ROC. In some cases, an excessive AOA may not allow the aircraft to climb out of ground effect. On the other hand, an excessive airspeed at takeoff may improve the initial ROC and “feel” of the aircraft but produces…