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  • Glossary › Numbers and Symbols

    Code of Federal Regulations that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. VLE. Landing gear extended speed. The maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. VLO. Landing gear operating speed ... maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear if using an airplane equipped with retractable landing gear. VLOF. Lift-off speed. The speed at which the aircraft departs the runway during takeoff. VMC. Minimum control airspeed. This…

  • Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes › Engine Inoperative Flight Principles › ⦁ All propeller controls in the recommended takeoff position throughout VMC determination

    determination of VMC in certification is solely concerned with the minimum speed for directional control under a very specific set of circumstances, and not the optimum airplane attitude or configuration for climb performance. During dynamic VMC determination in aircraft certification ... cuts of the critical engine using the mixture control are performed by flight test pilots while gradually reducing the speed with each attempt. VMC is the minimum speed at which directional control could be maintained within 20° of the original…

  • Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes › Terms and Definitions

    best rate of climb speed—speed at which the airplane gains the most altitude for a given unit of time. ⦁ VYSE —best rate of climb speed with OEI. Marked with a blue radial line on most airspeed indicators. Above ... single-engine absolute ceiling, VYSE yields the minimum rate of sink. ⦁ VSSE —safe, intentional OEI speed—originally known as safe single-engine speed. It is the minimum speed to intentionally render the critical engine inoperative. ⦁ VREF —reference landing speed…

  • Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes › Engine Inoperative Flight Principles › Derivation of VMC

    Engine Inoperative Flight Principles There are two main considerations for OEI operations—performance and control. Multiengine pilots learn to operate the airplane for maximum rate of climb performance at the blue radial indicated airspeed by training to fly without sideslip ... Pilots also learn to recognize and recover from loss of directional control associated with the red radial indicated airspeed by performing a VMC demonstration. Since the object of a VMC demonstration is not performance, sideslip occurs during the maneuver. Detailed…

  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    pilot cannot operate according to VFR, he or she must use instrument flight rules (IFR). Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling meeting or exceeding the minimums specified ... Landing gear extended speed. The maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. VLO. Landing gear operating speed. The maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear if using an airplane equipped…

  • Chapter 4: Approaches › Approach Control

    Approach Control Approach control is responsible for controlling all instrument flights operating within its area of responsibility. Approach control may serve one or more airports. Control is exercised primarily through direct pilot and controller communication and airport surveillance radar ... Prior to arriving at the initial approach fix (IAF), instructions will be received from the air route traffic control center (ARTCC) to contact approach control on a specified frequency. Where radar is approved for approach control service, it is used…