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  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions

    Step 4—Assemble and Evaluate Combining all these numbers results in a baseline personal minimums table as shown in Figure 2-8. Figure 2-8. Sample baseline personal minimums. Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions Any flight a pilot makes ... environmental conditions, and external influences vary considerably. Both individually and in combination, these factors can compress or expand the safety buffer provided by baseline personal minimums. Consequently, a pilot should develop a practical way to adjust baseline personal minimums…

  • Chapter 2: Ground Operations › Taxiing

    under its own power while on the surface. Since an airplane is moved under its own power between a parking area and the runway, the pilot needs to understand and be proficient in taxi procedures. A pilot should maintain situational ... awareness of the ramp, parking areas, taxiways, runway environment, and the persons, equipment and aircraft at all times. Without such awareness, safety may be compromised. Depending on the airport, the parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 2—Assess Experience and Comfort Level

    Chapter 2: Personal Minimums Introduction Personal Minimums Step 1—Review Weather Flight Categories Step 2—Assess Experience and Comfort Level Introduction Federal regulations that apply to aviation do not cover every situation nor do they guarantee safety. For example ... night even though low visibility and night hazards increase the risk for an incident or accident. Therefore, pilots should consider non-mandatory self-regulation in the form of personal minimums. Personal Minimums Pilots who understand the difference between what…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Retractable Landing Gear › Landing Gear Safety Devices

    Landing Gear Safety Devices Most airplanes with a retractable landing gear have a gear warning horn that sounds when the airplane is configured for landing and the landing gear is not down and locked. Normally, the horn is linked ... warning horn sounds. Accidental retraction of a landing gear may be prevented by such devices as mechanical downlocks, safety switches, and ground locks. Mechanical downlocks are built-in components of a gear retraction system and are operated automatically…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 3—Consider Other Conditions

    Figure 2-5. Figure 2-5. Experience and comfort level assessment for combined VFR and IFR. Step 3—Consider Other Conditions Pilots should also have personal minimums for wind and turbulence and record the most challenging wind conditions comfortably experienced ... table with reference to the aircraft type and terrain typical for most flying [Figure 2-7] will establish a safety buffer. If the pilot has never operated an airplane from a runway shorter than 5,000 feet, the shortest runway…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 5. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests › 7-5-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas

    Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wilderness and Primitive areas administered by the U.S. Forest Service. NOTEFAA Advisory Circular AC 91-36, Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas, defines the surface of a national park area (including parks ... forests, primitive areas, wilderness areas, recreational areas, national seashores, national monuments, national lakeshores, and national wildlife refuge and range areas) as: the highest terrain within 2,000 feet laterally of the route of flight, or the upper-most…