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  • Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems › Starting System

    starter engages the aircraft flywheel, rotating the engine at a speed that allows the engine to start and maintain operation. Electrical power for starting is usually supplied by an onboard battery, but can also be supplied by external power through ... starter switch draw current from the main bus bar, but the starter will not operate until the starting solenoid is energized by the starter switch being turned to the “start” position. When the starter switch is released from the “start…

  • Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Defenses Provided to the Pilot or Crew › Checklists, Standard Operating Procedures, and Best Practices

    Defenses against Threats, Errors, and Undesired Aircraft States When a pilot perceives a flight condition that requires attention, the pilot may know what to do immediately or may need time to process alternatives. The pilot may utilize several different strategies ... flight school may provide defenses to pilots. Examples include checklists, operating limitations, minimum pilot qualifications, standard operating procedures, and insurance requirements. Regardless of the flight mission, some defenses will always be predetermined. Checklists, Standard Operating Procedures, and Best Practices Like…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions

    table as shown in Figure 2-8. Figure 2-8. Sample baseline personal minimums. Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions Any flight a pilot makes involves an infinite combination of pilot skill, experience, conditions, and proficiency. Aircraft equipment and performance ... environmental conditions, and external influences vary considerably. Both individually and in combination, these factors can compress or expand the safety buffer provided by baseline personal minimums. Consequently, a pilot should develop a practical way to adjust baseline personal minimums…

  • Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Collision Avoidance › Clearing Procedures

    Clearing Procedures The following procedures and considerations are in place to assist pilots in collision avoidance under various situations: • Before takeoff—prior to taxiing onto a runway or landing area in preparation for takeoff, pilots should scan the approach area ... maneuvers to provide a clear view of the approach areas. • Climbs and descents—during climbs and descents in flight conditions that permit visual detection of other traffic, pilots should execute gentle banks left and right at a frequency that permits…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 2—Assess Experience and Comfort Level

    ceiling as 7,000 feet, and the lowest visibility as 15 miles. A pilot may never experience MVFR conditions and would leave the dash in place. However, in this example and as shown in Figure 2-3, the pilot regularly ... flies in an area where normal summer flying involves hazy conditions over relatively flat terrain and is more experienced and comfortable in MVFR. The pilot used the MVFR column to record personal minimums of a 2,500-foot ceiling…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 3—Consider Other Conditions

    this example, the pilot did not fill in the LIFR boxes for known “comfort level” in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) after deciding to avoid flight in those conditions. 12402 Experience and “Comfort Level” Assessment Figure 2-4. A sample pilot ... single table, the summary of a pilot’s known “comfort level” for VFR, MVFR, IFR, and LIFR weather conditions might appear as shown in Figure 2-5. Figure 2-5. Experience and comfort level assessment for combined…