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  • 14 CFR § 91.185 IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure.

    operations: Two-way radio communications failure. (a) General. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each pilot who has two-way radio communications failure when operating under IFR shall comply with the rules of this section. (b) VFR conditions. If the failure ... occurs in VFR conditions, or if VFR conditions are encountered after the failure, each pilot shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable. (c) IFR conditions. If the failure occurs in IFR conditions, or if paragraph…

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Leading Accident Causes

    general aviation fatal accidents include loss of control in-flight (LOC-I), controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), system component failure of the powerplant (SCF-PP), and fuel-related issues. These causes often signify the final result of a chain ... Examples of loss of control scenarios include continued VFR into IMC, wake turbulence upsets, thunderstorm encounters, instrument failure, improper aircraft loading, loss of outside references during flight at night or over water, and conditions that exceed the pilot’s capability…

  • 14 CFR § 91.1705 Required pilot training.

    model being trained: (i) Normal takeoff with 5- and 20- degrees flaps; (ii) Takeoff engine failure with 5- and 20- degrees flaps; (iii) Takeoff engine failure on runway or rejected takeoff; (iv) Takeoff engine failure after liftoff—unable to climb…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Takeoff Performance

    level, but because of the reduced air density, the TAS is greater. The effect of density altitude on powerplant thrust depends much on the type of powerplant. An increase in altitude above standard sea level brings an immediate decrease ... decrease in power output for the supercharged reciprocating engine until the altitude exceeds the critical operating altitude. For those powerplants that experience a decay in thrust with an increase in altitude, the effect on the net accelerating force and acceleration…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Performance

    specialization found in modern aircraft. The various items of aircraft performance result from the combination of aircraft and powerplant characteristics. The aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft generally define the power and thrust requirements at various conditions of flight, while powerplant ... define the power and thrust available at various conditions of flight. The matching of the aerodynamic configuration with the powerplant is accomplished by the manufacturer to provide maximum performance at the specific design condition (e.g., range, endurance, and climb…

  • Chapter 3: Aircraft Construction › Alternate Types of Wings › The Powerplant

    Powerplant The powerplant usually includes both the engine and the propeller. The primary function of the engine is to provide the power to turn the propeller. It also generates electrical power, provides a vacuum source for some flight instruments…