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  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance

    Takeoff and Landing Performance The majority of pilot-caused aircraft accidents occur during the takeoff and landing phase of flight. Because of this fact, the pilot must be familiar with all the variables that influence the takeoff and landing performance ... aircraft and must strive for exacting, professional procedures of operation during these phases of flight. Takeoff and landing performance is a condition of accelerated and decelerated motion. For instance, during takeoff an aircraft starts at zero speed and accelerates…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Landing Performance

    retarding effect of factors such as snow or ice Landing Performance In many cases, the landing distance of an aircraft defines the runway requirements for flight operations. The minimum landing distance is obtained by landing at some minimum safe speed ... that allows sufficient margin above stall and provides satisfactory control and capability for a go-around. Generally, the landing speed is some fixed percentage of the stall speed or minimum control speed for the aircraft in the landing configuration…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-3. Vortex Strength

    Vortex Strength a. Weight, speed, wingspan, and shape of the generating aircraft’s wing all govern the strength of the vortex. The vortex characteristics of any given aircraft can also be changed by extension of flaps or other wing configuring ... devices. However, the vortex strength from an aircraft increases proportionately to an increase in operating weight or a decrease in aircraft speed. Since the turbulence from a “dirty” aircraft configuration hastens wake decay, the greatest vortex strength occurs when…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 1. Services Available to Pilots › 4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft

    Traffic information is provided on a workload permitting basis. Standard radar separation between VFR or between VFR and IFR aircraft is not provided. (a) Pilots of arriving VFR aircraft should initiate radio contact on the publicized frequency with approach control ... when approximately 25 miles from the airport at which sequencing services are being provided. On initial contact by VFR aircraft, approach control will assume that sequencing service is requested. After radar contact is established, the pilot may use pilot navigation…

  • Glossary › Numbers and Symbols

    range between that appropriate for ground and flight operations. Configuration. This is a general term, which normally refers to the position of the landing gear and flaps. Constant speed propeller. A controllable-pitch propeller whose pitch is automatically varied ... spite of varying air loads. Control touch. The ability to sense the action of the airplane and its probable actions in the immediate future, with regard to attitude and speed variations, by sensing and evaluation of varying pressures and resistance…

  • Chapter 16: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes › Jet Engine Landing › Landing Speeds

    Landing Speeds As in the takeoff planning, there are certain speeds that should be taken into consideration when landing a jet airplane. The speeds are as follows: ⦁ VSO —stall speed in the landing configuration. ⦁ VREF —1.3 times the stall speed ... landing configuration. ⦁ Approach climb—the speed that guarantees adequate performance in a go-around situation with an inoperative engine. ⦁ Landing climb—the speed that guarantees adequate performance in arresting the descent and making a go-around from the final stages…