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  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Using the PAVE Checklist to Identify Hazards › Pilot Hazards

    Using the PAVE Checklist to Identify Hazards As described in Chapter 1, the PAVE checklist provides a means to identify hazards using four convenient hazard “buckets.” Using all four checklist categories before a flight captures most hazards normally encountered. This ... section discusses hazards associated with each category. Pilot Hazards “P” hazards can be classified in terms of both capability and aeromedical factors as follows: 1. Qualification–Does the pilot possess the appropriate pilot certificate, category, class, and type rating needed…

  • Chapter 8: Aeronautical Decision-Making in Flight › Analytical Decision-Making

    improvements in training and technology, human error remains an issue. ADM provides a foundation, which should help pilots avoid making errors in judgment. Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) provides pilots with a structured framework of processes and procedures, which have ... positive effect on managing hazards. ADM does not eliminate hazards, but helps the pilot address hazards and associated risks that threaten the safety of flight. ADM describes the ongoing process used by pilots to determine the best course of action…

  • Chapter 2: Aeronautical Decision-Making › RISK › Hazard and Risk

    Hazard and Risk Two defining elements of ADM are hazard and risk. Hazard is a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters. When faced with a hazard, the pilot makes an assessment of that hazard based ... upon various factors. The pilot assigns a value to the potential impact of the hazard, which qualifies the pilot’s assessment of the hazard—risk. Therefore, risk is an assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot; however…

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Why Hazards Result in Aviation Accidents

    Pilots need the ability to perceive relevant hazards, understand and analyze potential consequences, and exercise judgment when responding to any hazard. Why Hazards Result in Aviation Accidents Pilots learn to recognize hazards during ground and flight training. While instructors normally ... include the learner in the decision-making process, training does not teach the learner how to manage every hazard. A saying goes that new pilots have a cup of luck and an empty cup of experience, and they should fill…

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Why Hazards Result in Aviation Accidents › Understanding the Risks Posed by Hazards

    hazardous attitude. Most pilots sincerely believe that they will respond to hazards appropriately and take actions necessary to avoid accidents. However, a pilot’s attitude affects perception of hazards, the analysis of the potential threat, and performance of an appropriate ... response. Since attitude influences behavior, pilots should consider their own attitude and the antidote to any hazardous attitude. [Figure 3-2] The pilots in the two fatal accidents described above exhibited several of these hazardous attitudes. If they had recognized…

  • Chapter 8: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying › Turn Indicator › Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight

    bank during corrections 4. Failure to maintain proper pedal trim 5. Failure to cross-check all available instruments Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight Establishing specific power settings is accomplished through collective pitch adjustments and throttle control, where necessary ... reciprocating-powered helicopters, power indication is observed on the manifold pressure gauge. For turbine-powered helicopters, power is observed on the torque gauge. (Although most instrument flight rules (IFR)-certified helicopters are turbine powered, depictions within this chapter…