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  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Thrust

    Figure 5-2. Force vectors during a stabilized climb. Likewise, if the engine power is increased, thrust becomes greater than drag and the airspeed increases. As long as the thrust continues to be greater than the drag, the aircraft continues ... accelerate. When drag equals thrust, the aircraft flies at a constant airspeed. Straight-and-level flight may be sustained at a wide range of speeds. The pilot coordinates AOA and thrust in all speed regimes if the aircraft…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories

    Braking Action Reports and Advisories a. When available, ATC furnishes pilots the quality of braking action received from pilots. The quality of braking action is described by the terms “good,” “good to medium,” “medium,” “medium to poor,” “poor ... When pilots report the quality of braking action by using the terms noted above, they should use descriptive terms that are easily understood, such as, “braking action poor the first/last half of the runway,” together with the particular type…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight

    rotor is the primary upward force, and weight is the primary downward force. By using the aerodynamic forces of thrust, drag, lift, and weight, pilots can fly a controlled, safe flight. A more detailed discussion of these forces follows. Thrust ... aircraft to start moving, thrust must be exerted and be greater than drag. The aircraft continues to move and gain speed until thrust and drag are equal. In order to maintain a constant airspeed, thrust and drag must remain equal…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-9. Runway Condition Reports

    weather conditions are conducive to deteriorating or rapidly changing runway braking conditions, the tower will include on the ATIS broadcast the statement, “BRAKING ACTION ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT.” d. During the time that braking action advisories are in effect ... will issue the most recent braking action report for the runway in use to each arriving and departing aircraft. Pilots should be prepared for deteriorating braking conditions and should request current runway condition information if not issued by controllers. Pilots…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Landing Performance

    landing distance is obtained by creating a continuous peak deceleration of the aircraft; that is, extensive use of the brakes for maximum deceleration. On the other hand, an ordinary landing roll with considerable excess runway may allow extensive ... aerodynamic drag to minimize wear and tear on the tires and brakes. If aerodynamic drag is sufficient to cause deceleration, it can be used in deference to the brakes in the early stages of the landing roll (i.e., brakes…

  • Chapter 2: Aerodynamics of Flight › Newton’s Third Law of Motion › Thrust

    helicopter, thrust can be forward, rearward, sideward, or vertical. The resultant lift and thrust determines the direction of movement of the helicopter. The solidity ratio is the ratio of the total rotor blade area, which is the combined area ... total rotor disk area. This ratio provides a means to measure the potential for a rotor disk to provide thrust and lift. The mathematical calculations needed to calculate the solidity ratio for each helicopter may not be of importance…