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From the FAA library

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Hazard Combinations › Airspace, Air Traffic Control, and Other Aircraft

    risk is generally low, and pilots should use risk assessment and management tools to mitigate any unacceptable risk before embarking on a flight…

  • Chapter 3: Helicopter Flight Controls › Cyclic Pitch Control

    Aerodynamics of Flight, the total lift force is always perpendicular to the tip-path plane of the main rotor. The purpose of the cyclic pitch control is to tilt the tip-path plane in the direction of the desired horizontal ... direction. The cyclic controls the rotor disk tilt versus the horizon, which directs the rotor disk thrust to enable the pilot to control the direction of travel of the helicopter. The rotor disk tilts in the same direction the cyclic…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › System Malfunctions › Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness (LTE)

    catastrophic. LTE is an aerodynamic condition and is the result of a control margin deficiency in the tail rotor. It can affect all single-rotor helicopters that utilize a tail rotor. The design of main and tail rotor blades ... will not nullify the phenomenon entirely. Translational lift is obtained by any amount of clean air through the main rotor disk. Chapter 2, Aerodynamics of Flight, discusses translational lift with respect to the main rotor blade, explaining that the more…

  • Chapter 8: Ground Procedures and Flight Preparations › Safety in and Around Helicopters › Passengers

    rough or isolated terrain, the pilot should brief all occupants regarding the location of maps and survival equipment. 6. Passengers should be informed as to what actions and precautions to take in the event of an emergency, such ... high vertical impact (erect with back firmly against the seat back); and when and how to exit. Ensure that passengers are aware of the location of the fire extinguisher, survival equipment and, if equipped, how to use and locate…

  • Chapter 1: Introduction to the Helicopter › Rotor System › Tandem Rotor

    Tandem Rotor Tandem rotor (sometimes referred to as dual rotor) helicopters have two large horizontal rotor assemblies, instead of one main assembly and a smaller tail rotor. [Figure 1-6] Single rotor helicopters need a tail rotor to neutralize ... twisting momentum produced by the single large rotor. Tandem rotor helicopters, however, use counter-rotating rotors, each canceling out the other’s torque. Counter-rotating rotor blades will not collide with and destroy each other if they flex into…

  • Chapter 2: Aerodynamics of Flight › Forward Flight › Dissymmetry of Lift

    Therefore, as a result of the relative wind speed, the advancing blade side of the rotor disk can produce more lift than the retreating blade side. [Figure 2-36] If this condition were allowed to exist, a helicopter with ... counterclockwise main rotor blade rotation would roll to the left because of the difference in lift. In reality, the main rotor blades flap and feather automatically to equalize lift across the rotor disk. Articulated rotor disks, usually with three…