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  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Autorotation › Common Errors

    weight is placed on the landing carriage, slowing the helicopter; however, this is dependent on the condition of the landing surface. One common error is the holding of the helicopter off the surface, versus cushioning it onto the surface during ... contacting the tail boom. The rotor rpm should be used to cushion the helicopter on to the surface for a controlled, smooth landing instead of allowing the helicopter to drop the last few inches. Common Errors 1. Not understanding…

  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    drag and induced drag. Touchdown zone elevation (TDZE). The highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface, TDZE is indicated on the instrument approach procedure chart when straight-in landing minimums are authorized. Touchdown zone lights…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Runway Surface and Gradient

    Runway Surface and Gradient Runway conditions affect takeoff and landing performance. Typically, performance chart information assumes paved, level, smooth, and dry runway surfaces. Since no two runways are alike, the runway surface differs from one runway to another, as does ... referred to as braking effectiveness. Ensure that runways are adequate in length for takeoff acceleration and landing deceleration when less than ideal surface conditions are being reported…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Autorotation › Technique (How to Practice)

    weight is placed on the landing carriage, slowing the helicopter; however, this is dependent on the condition of the landing surface…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Final Approach › Wrong Surface Landing Avoidance

    excessive rate of descent or a low altitude stall. It is possible for either or both to occur. Wrong Surface Landing Avoidance A wrong surface landing occurs when an aircraft lands or tries to land on the wrong runway ... driven by GPS, and these devices should increase situational awareness and safety. If there is a doubt over the landing surface, the pilot should go around and consider the situation further…

  • Pilot/Controller Glossary › T

    LANDING- (See TOUCH-AND-GO.) TOUCHDOWNa. The point at which an aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface. b. Concerning a precision radar approach (PAR), it is the point where the glide path intercepts the landing surface. (See ICAO ... aircraft first contact the runway. TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION- The highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface. TDZE is indicated on the instrument approach procedure chart when straight-in landing minimums are authorized. (See TOUCHDOWN ZONE…