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  • Chapter 9: Basic Flight Maneuvers › The Four Fundamentals › Guidelines

    maneuver and the trim, rotor, or torque reacts quicker than anticipated, pilot limitations have been exceeded. If continued, an aircraft limitation will be exceeded. Perform the maneuver with less intensity until all aspects of the machine can be controlled ... sensitivity of the flight controls due to the high speed of the main rotor. 2. Anticipate changes in aircraft performance due to loading or environmental condition. The normal collective increase to check rotor speed at sea level standard…

  • Chapter 10: Weight and Balance › Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity › Stability

    those mentioned for an excess weight condition. It is vital to comply with weight and balance limits established for all aircraft. Operating above the maximum weight limitation compromises the structural integrity of the aircraft and can adversely affect performance. Stability ... fore and aft limits beyond which the CG should not be located for flight. These limits are published for each aircraft in the Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS), or aircraft specification and the AFM or pilot’s operating handbook…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Load Factors › Rough Air

    speed. Regardless of the speed held, there may be gusts that can produce loads that exceed the load limits. Each specific aircraft is designed with a specific G loading that ... imposed on the aircraft without causing structural damage. There are two types of load factors factored into aircraft design: limit load and ultimate load. The limit load is a force applied to an aircraft that causes a bending…

  • Chapter 13: Effective Aeronautical Decision-Making › Pilot Self-Assessment › The PAVE Checklist

    minutes worth of fuel?” can lead to poor decisions and disastrous outcomes. Some aviators blatantly violate rules and aircraft limitations without thinking through the consequences. “What indications and change in flight characteristics will I see if I fly this helicopter ... extremely harmful curiosity. Even more astounding is their ignoring to the fact that the damage potentially done to the aircraft will probably manifest later in the aircraft’s life, affecting other crews. Spontaneous excursions in aviation can be deadly. Curiosity…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Aircraft Design Characteristics

    original flight path. It is primarily an aircraft design characteristic. The flight paths and attitudes an aircraft flies are limited by the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft, its propulsion system, and its structural strength. These limitations indicate the maximum performance ... utility, it must be safely controllable to the full extent of these limits without exceeding the pilot’s strength or requiring exceptional flying ability. If an aircraft is to fly straight and steady along any arbitrary flight path, the forces…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Load Factors › Vg Diagram

    excessive flight loads. The limit airspeed (or redline speed) is a design reference point for the aircraft—this aircraft is limited to 225 mph. If flight is attempted beyond the limit airspeed, structural damage or structural failure may result from ... variety of phenomena. The aircraft in flight is limited to a regime of airspeeds and Gs that do not exceed the limit (or redline) speed, do not exceed the limit load factor, and cannot exceed the maximum lift capability…