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  • Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › Primary Flight Controls

    Flight Control Systems Flight Controls Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder constitute the primary control system and are required to control an aircraft safely during flight. Wing flaps, leading ... edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems constitute the secondary control system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Primary Flight Controls Aircraft control systems are carefully designed to provide adequate responsiveness…

  • Chapter 1: Introduction to the Helicopter › Controlling Flight › Throttle

    Throttle Helicopter rotors are designed to operate at a specific rpm. Figure 1-11. The throttle control mounted at the end of the collective control. The throttle controls the power produced by the engine, which is connected to the rotor ... transmission. The purpose of the throttle is to maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor rpm within allowable limits to produce enough lift for flight. In single-engine helicopters, if so equipped, the throttle control is typically a twist…

  • 26 FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS OTHER THAN FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS WITH A SPORT PILOT RATING › 26.2 Flight Instructor Certificate With Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter Class Rating

    Flight Instructor Certificate With Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter Class Rating For applicants applying for a flight instructor certificate with rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, the applicant will be required to demonstrate touchdown autorotations (practical tests are conducted in accordance ... touchdown portion of these tasks during the practical test. This logbook endorsement must be given by a current flight instructor who meets the requirements of 14 CFR § 61.195(h)(2) with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating on their…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Autorotation › RPM Control

    Control Rotor rpm in low inertia rotor systems has been studied in simulator flight evaluations which indicate that the simultaneous application of aft cyclic, down collective, and alignment with the relative wind (trim) at a wide range of airspeeds, including ... cruise airspeeds, is critical for all operations during the entry of an autorotation. The applicable Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) should be consulted to determine the appropriate procedure(s) for safely entering an autorotation. This is vitally important since the procedure…

  • Chapter 9: Techniques of Flight Instruction › Positive Exchange of Flight Controls › Procedure

    Procedure During flight training, there should always be a clear understanding between learners and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process ... exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a learner, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the learner follow along…

  • Chapter 3: Helicopter Flight Controls

    Chapter Summary This chapter introduced the basics of aerodynamic fundamentals and theory and how they relate to flying a helicopter. This chapter also explained how aerodynamics affect helicopter flight and how important it is for pilots to understand aerodynamic principles ... prepared to react to these effects. For additional information on aerodynamics, refer to the aerodynamics of flight portion of the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Figure 2-48. Force vectors in vertical autorotation descent. Figure 2-49. Blade regions…