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  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › VFR Flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions

    consideration for instrument rated pilots when planning a VFR flight should include a review of published instrument charts for safe operating altitudes, e.g. minimum safe altitude (MSA), minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA), minimum in VMC throughout a flight: off-route…

  • Chapter 1: Departure Procedures › Alternate Minimums for Commercial Operators

    Part 121 operators with additional considerations. Commercial operators typically use dispatchers to plan flights, including selecting and filing alternate airports. The dispatcher considers aircraft performance, aircraft equipment and its condition, and route of flight when choosing alternates. In the event…

  • Chapter 1: Departure Procedures › ODP Flight Planning Considerations

    included in the pilot’s clearance, the pilot should inform ATC when an ODP is used for departure from a runway so that ATC can ensure appropriate traffic separation. During planning, pilots need to determine whether or not the departure ... time, any of which would require an alteration in the flight plan and initial headings. Considering the forecast weather, departure runways, and existing ODP, plan the flight route, climb performance, and fuel burn accordingly to compensate for the departure procedure…

  • Chapter 3: Arrivals

    clearances, descent planning, and ATC procedures, while the scope of coverage focuses on transitioning from the en route phase of flight, typically the origination point of a STAR to the STAR termination fix. Optimum IFR arrival options include flying directly ... from the en route structure to an approach gate or initial approach fix (IAF), a visual arrival, STARs, and radar vectors. Within controlled airspace, ATC routinely uses radar vectors for separation purposes, noise abatement considerations when it is an operational…

  • 14 CFR § 135.617 Pre-flight risk analysis.

    manual, an FAA-approved preflight risk analysis that includes at least the following— (1) Flight considerations, to include obstacles and terrain along the planned route of flight, landing zone conditions, and fuel requirements; (2) Human factors, such as crew fatigue…