IR.I.B.K3d
KnowledgeMeteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
Moisture/precipitation
From the FAA library
- 3 Overview of Aviation Weather Information › 3.4.2 Summaries of Specific Weather Information Contained in Various Weather Products › 3.4.2.5 Products with Precipitation Information
freezing rain. Forecasts Included when conditions are expected and indicated by various descriptors based on the type of precipitation. Intensity is also coded with precipitation types. Aviation Surface Forecast G Derived from the GFA and includes forecasts of precipitation ... specified valid times includes weather phenomena. Alaska Area Forecast T A description of significant clouds and weather, including precipitation. Hawaii Area Forecast T A description of significant clouds and weather, including precipitation. T A description of significant clouds and weather…
- 15 Weather Radar › 15.2.15.1 Intensity of Precipitation › 15.2.15.1.2 Convective Precipitation
Convective Precipitation Convective precipitation (see Figure 15-21) is distinguished by the following radar characteristics: • Echoes tend to form as lines or cells. • Reflectivity gradients are strong. • Precipitation intensities generally vary from moderate to extreme. • Occasionally, precipitation intensities ... light. • Echo patterns change rapidly when animating the image. Numerous hazards are associated with convective precipitation. These hazards include turbulence, Low-Level Wind Shear (LLWS), strong and gusty surface winds, icing above the freezing level, hail, lightning, tornadoes, and localized…
- 24 Observations › 24.6.1 Weather Surveillance Radar—1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) Description › 24.6.1.4 Echo Intensities
Precipitation Mode Precipitation targets typically provide stronger return signals to the radar than non-precipitation targets. Therefore, the WSR-88D is operated in Precipitation Mode when precipitation is present, although some non-precipitation echoes can still be detected in this ... operating mode. The NWS uses Precipitation Mode to see higher into the atmosphere when precipitation is occurring to analyze the vertical structure of the storms. The faster rotation of the WSR-88D in Precipitation Mode allows images to update…
- 15 Weather Radar › 15.2.5 Attenuation › 15.2.5.1 Precipitation Attenuation
Attenuation is any process that reduces energy within the radar beam. This reduces the amount of backscattered energy. 15.2.5.1 Precipitation Attenuation Precipitation attenuation (see Figure 15-4) is the decrease of the intensity of energy within the radar beam ... absorption or scattering of the energy from precipitation particles. Figure 15-4. Precipitation Attenuation Precipitation close to the radar absorbs and scatters energy within the radar beam. Therefore, very little, if any, energy will reach targets beyond the initial area…
- Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 1. Meteorology › 7-1-12. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance
Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance a. ATC Radar Weather Display. 1. ATC radars are able to display areas of precipitation by sending out a beam of radio energy that is reflected back to the radar antenna when it strikes an object ... moisture which may be in the form of rain drops, hail, or snow. The larger the object is, or the more dense its reflective surface, the stronger the return will be presented. Radar weather processors indicate the intensity of reflective…