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  • 14 CFR § 91.109 Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.

    Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests. (a) No person may operate a civil aircraft (except a manned free balloon) that is being used for flight instruction unless that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls. However, instrument flight ... controls the elevator and ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls, when— (1) The instructor has determined that the flight can be conducted safely; and (2) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with appropriate…

  • Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › Primary Flight Controls

    Flight Control Systems Flight Controls Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder constitute the primary control system and are required to control an aircraft safely during flight. Wing flaps, leading ... edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems constitute the secondary control system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Primary Flight Controls Aircraft control systems are carefully designed to provide adequate responsiveness…

  • Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures › Section 1. Preflight › 5-1-9. Single Flights Conducted With Both VFR and IFR Flight Plans

    Single Flights Conducted With Both VFR and IFR Flight Plans a. Flight plans which combine VFR operation on an active VFR flight plan for one portion of a flight, and IFR for another portion, sometimes known as a composite flight ... systems. b. Pilots are free to operate VFR in VFR conditions prior to accepting an IFR clearance from the appropriate control facility, or may cancel an IFR clearance and proceed VFR as desired. However, if a pilot desires…

  • Chapter 1: Introduction to Flight Training › Safety Considerations › Use of Checklists

    Before takeoff ⦁ After takeoff ⦁ Cruise ⦁ Descent ⦁ Before landing ⦁ After landing ⦁ Engine shutdown and securing Figure 1-17. A sample checklist used by pilots. During flight training, there should be a clear understanding between the learner and flight instructor ... control of the aircraft. Prior to any flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedures for the exchange of flight controls. The following three-step process for the exchange of flight controls is highly recommended. When a flight…

  • Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Straight-and-Level Flight › Straight Flight

    Straight Flight Maintaining a constant direction or heading is accomplished by visually checking the relationship of the airplane’s wingtips to the natural horizon. Depending on whether the airplane is a high wing or low wing, both wingtips should ... pilot should understand that anytime the wings are banked, the airplane turns. The objective of straight flight is to detect and correct small deviations, necessitating minor flight control corrections. The bank attitude information can also be obtained from a quick…

  • 14 CFR Part 141, Appendix G to Part 141—Flight Instructor Instrument (For an Airplane, Helicopter, or Powered-Lift Instrument Instructor Rating, as Appropriate) Certification Course

    Part 141, Appendix G to Part 141—Flight Instructor Instrument (For an Airplane, Helicopter, or Powered-Lift Instrument Instructor Rating, as Appropriate) Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a flight instructor instrument certification course required ... under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Flight Instructor Instrument—Airplane. (b) Flight Instructor Instrument—Helicopter. (c) Flight Instructor Instrument—Powered-lift aircraft. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight…