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  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Leading Accident Causes

    four causes of general aviation fatal accidents include loss of control in-flight (LOC-I), controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), system component failure of the powerplant (SCF-PP), and fuel-related issues. These causes often signify the final result ... Loss of Control In-flight (LOC-I)–Examples of loss of control scenarios include continued VFR into IMC, wake turbulence upsets, thunderstorm encounters, instrument failure, improper aircraft loading, loss of outside references during flight at night or over water…

  • Glossary

    Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). An accident whereby an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, inadvertently flies into terrain, an obstacle, or water. CFR. See Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Crew resource management (CRM). The application of team ... management concepts in the flight deck environment. CRM programs evolved to include cabin crews, maintenance personnel, and others. Pilots of small aircraft, as well as crews of larger aircraft, should make effective use of all available resources; human resources, hardware…

  • Chapter 4: Energy Management: Mastering Altitude and Airspeed Control › Importance of Energy Management

    three most common types of fatal accidents in aviation: loss of control in-flight (LOC-I), controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), and approach-and-landing accidents. Thus, pilots need to have: 1. An accurate mental model of the airplane…

  • Chapter 5: Flight Instruments › Safety Systems › Terrain Alerting Systems

    Terrain Alerting Systems Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) An early application of technology to reduce controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) was the GPWS. In airline use since the early 1970s, GPWS uses the radio altimeter, speed, and barometric altitude…

  • Chapter 4: Energy Management: Mastering Altitude and Airspeed Control › Chapter Summary

    flight safety since mistakes in managing energy state can contribute to loss of control inflight (LOC-I), controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), and approach and landing accidents. The objectives of this chapter are for pilots to: 1) gain an understanding…

  • Chapter 3: Arrivals › Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

    Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Inappropriate descent planning and execution during arrivals has been a contributing factor to many fatal aircraft accidents. Since the beginning of commercial jet operations, more than 9,000 people have died worldwide because of controlled ... into terrain (CFIT). CFIT is described as an event in which a normally functioning aircraft is inadvertently flown into the ground, water, or an obstacle. Of all CFIT accidents, 7.2 percent occurred during the descent phase of flight. The basic…