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  • Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems › Starting System

    starter engages the aircraft flywheel, rotating the engine at a speed that allows the engine to start and maintain operation. Electrical power for starting is usually supplied by an onboard battery, but can also be supplied by external power through ... starter switch draw current from the main bus bar, but the starter will not operate until the starting solenoid is energized by the starter switch being turned to the “start” position. When the starter switch is released from the “start…

  • Chapter 4: Helicopter Components, Sections, and Systems › Dual Tachometers › Clutch

    rotor must be disconnected from the engine when the starter is engaged. A clutch allows the engine to be started and then gradually pick up the load of the rotor. Figure 4-20. The main rotor transmission reduces engine output ... coupling between the gas producer turbine and the power (takeoff) turbine functions as an air clutch for starting purposes. When the engine is started, there is little resistance from the power turbine. This enables the gasproducer turbine to accelerate…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions

    table as shown in Figure 2-8. Figure 2-8. Sample baseline personal minimums. Step 5—Adjust for Specific Conditions Any flight a pilot makes involves an infinite combination of pilot skill, experience, conditions, and proficiency. Aircraft equipment and performance ... environmental conditions, and external influences vary considerably. Both individually and in combination, these factors can compress or expand the safety buffer provided by baseline personal minimums. Consequently, a pilot should develop a practical way to adjust baseline personal minimums…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-14. Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out Conditions, and White Out Conditions

    Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out Conditions, and White Out Conditions a. Flat Light. Flat light is an optical illusion, also known as “sector or partial white out.” It is not as severe as “white out” but the condition causes ... pilots to lose their depth-of-field and contrast in vision. Flat light conditions are usually accompanied by overcast skies inhibiting any visual clues. Such conditions can occur anywhere in the world, primarily in snow covered areas but can also…

  • Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures › Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots › 6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty

    qualified for instrument flight cannot maintain control of their aircraft when they encounter clouds or other reduced visibility conditions. In many cases, the controller will not know whether flight into instrument conditions will result from ATC instructions. To avoid possible ... hazards resulting from being vectored into IFR conditions, a pilot in difficulty should keep the controller advised of the current weather conditions being encountered and the weather along the course ahead and observe the following: 1. If a course…

  • Chapter 2: Personal Minimums › Personal Minimums › Step 2—Assess Experience and Comfort Level

    ceiling as 7,000 feet, and the lowest visibility as 15 miles. A pilot may never experience MVFR conditions and would leave the dash in place. However, in this example and as shown in Figure 2-3, the pilot regularly ... flies in an area where normal summer flying involves hazy conditions over relatively flat terrain and is more experienced and comfortable in MVFR. The pilot used the MVFR column to record personal minimums of a 2,500-foot ceiling…