SH.V.F.R2c

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• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 4-6-6
  Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 5. Surveillance Systems › 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence

  traffic to avoid Yankee 123). 4. FL Change or Re-route. To leave airspace where MWA or severe turbulence is being encountered, the pilot may request a FL change and/or re-route, if necessary. 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake ... Turbulence a. Pilots should be aware of the potential for wake turbulence encounters in RVSM airspace. Experience gained since 1997 has shown that such encounters in RVSM airspace are generally moderate or less in magnitude. b. Prior to DRVSM implementation…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 4-6-5
  Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 5. Surveillance Systems › 4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA)

  Pilot Actions When Encountering Weather (e.g., Severe Turbulence or MWA) 1. Weather Encounters Inducing Altitude Deviations of Approximately 200 feet. When the pilot experiences weather induced altitude deviations of approximately 200 feet, the pilot will contact ATC and state “Unable ... RVSM Due (state reason)” (e.g., turbulence, mountain wave). See contingency actions in paragraph 4-6-9. 2. Severe Turbulence (including that associated with MWA). When pilots encounter severe turbulence, they should contact ATC and report the situation. Until the pilot…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-7
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-8. Pilot Responsibility

  testing have been conducted, in addition to ongoing wake initiatives, in an attempt to mitigate the effects of wake turbulence. Pilots must exercise vigilance in situations where they are responsible for avoiding wake turbulence. b. Pilots are reminded that ... acknowledgment that the pilot will ensure safe takeoff and landing intervals and accepts the responsibility for providing wake turbulence separation. 1. Traffic information. 2. Instructions to follow an aircraft; and 3. The acceptance of a visual approach clearance…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-27
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Wake Turbulence › Terminal Area

  Vortex Strength Terminal Area Wake turbulence has historically been thought of as only a function of aircraft weight, but recent research considers additional parameters, such as speed, aspects of the wing, wake decay rates, and aircraft resistance to wake, just ... aircraft speed. The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is heavy, slow, and clean, since the turbulence from a “dirty” aircraft configuration hastens wake decay. En Route En route wake turbulence events have been influenced by changes…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 13-16
  Chapter 13: Aviation Weather Services › ATC Radar Weather Displays

  Since the intensity level is not available, the controller states “INTENSITY UNKNOWN.” ATC radar is not able to detect turbulence. Generally, turbulence can be expected to occur as the rate of rainfall or intensity of precipitation increases. Turbulence associated with ... greater rates of precipitation is normally more severe than any associated with lesser rates of precipitation. Turbulence should be expected to occur near convective activity, even in clear air. Thunderstorms are a form of convective activity that imply severe…

• Aviation Weather Handbookp. 27-37
  27 Forecasts › 27.9.1.2 Content › 27.9.1.2.2 Turbulence

  areas are not depicted (see Figure 27-12). Figure 27-12. Low-Level SIGWX Chart Flying Categories—Example 27.9.1.2.2 Turbulence Areas of moderate or greater turbulence are enclosed by bold, dashed, brown lines (see Figure 27-13). Turbulence intensities ... identified by standard symbols (see Figure 27-11). The vertical extent of turbulence layers is specified by top and base heights separated by a slant. The intensity symbols and height information may be located within or adjacent to the forecasted…