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  • Chapter 2: Aerodynamics of Flight › Sideward Flight

    Sideward Flight In sideward flight, the tip-path plane is tilted in the direction that flight is desired. This tilts the total lift-thrust vector sideward. In this case, the vertical or lift component is still straight up and weight ... horizontal or thrust component now acts sideward with drag acting to the opposite side. [Figure 2-42] Sideward flight can be a very unstable condition due to the parasitic drag of the fuselage combined with the lack of horizontal stabilizer…

  • Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › Primary Flight Controls

    Flight Control Systems Flight Controls Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder constitute the primary control system and are required to control an aircraft safely during flight. Wing flaps, leading ... control system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Primary Flight Controls Aircraft control systems are carefully designed to provide adequate responsiveness to control inputs while allowing a natural feel…

  • Chapter 9: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Traffic Patterns

    departure procedures established for that airport, if any. A helicopter traffic pattern is flown at 500-1,000 feet AGL depending on considerations such as terrain, obstacles, and other aircraft traffic. [Figure 9-19] This keeps the helicopter ... traffic. A helicopter may take off from a helipad into the wind with a turn to the right after 300 feet AGL or as needed to be in range of forced landing areas. When 500 feet AGL is attained…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › VFR Flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions

    whether instrument rated or not, all pilots should understand that avoiding IIMC is critical. A good practice for any flight is to set and use personal minimums, which should be more conservative than those required by regulations for VFR flight ... addition, a thorough preflight and understanding of weather conditions that may contribute to the risk of IMC developing along a planned route of flight is essential for safety. Pilots should recognize deteriorating weather conditions so the route of flight…

  • Appendix B: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and NOTAM Contractions

    federal FEIS—Final Environmental Impact Statement FEP—front end processor FFAC—from facility FI/P—flight inspection permanent FI/T—flight inspection temporary FIFO—Flight Inspection Field Office FIG—flight inspection group FINO—Flight Inspection National Field Office FIPS—federal information publication ... standard FIR—flight information region FIRE—fire station FIRMR—Federal Information Resource Management Regulation FL—flight level FLOWSIM—traffic flow planning simulation FM—from FMA—final monitor aid FMF—facility master file FMIS—FTS2000 management information system FMS—flight management…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Performance › Straight-and-Level Flight

    Straight-and-Level Flight All of the principal components of flight performance involve steady-state flight conditions and equilibrium of the aircraft. For the aircraft to remain in steady, level flight, equilibrium must be obtained by a lift equal ... powerplant thrust equal to the aircraft drag. Thus, the aircraft drag defines the thrust required to maintain steady, level flight. As presented in Chapter 4, Aerodynamics of Flight, all parts of an aircraft contribute to the drag, either induced (from…