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  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Takeoff Performance

    aircraft of given weight and configuration is operated at greater heights above standard sea level, the aircraft requires the same dynamic pressure to become airborne at the takeoff lift coefficient. Thus, the aircraft at altitude takes ... power output for the supercharged reciprocating engine until the altitude exceeds the critical operating altitude. For those powerplants that experience a decay in thrust with an increase in altitude, the effect on the net accelerating force and acceleration rate…

  • Chapter 16: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes › Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying

    usual method of operating the trim button is to apply several small, intermittent applications of trim in the direction desired rather than holding the trim button for longer periods of time, which can lead to overcontrolling. The variation ... hand at high speeds, just using fingertips will result in smoother control inputs. The pilot flying a swept wing jet airplane should understand that it is normal to fly at higher angles of attack. Depending on weight, density altitude…

  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    Standard empty weight (GAMA). This weight consists of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the airplane including fixed ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine ... route operations. Standard rate turn. A turn in which an aircraft changes its direction at a rate of 3° per second (360° in 2 minutes) for low- or medium-speed aircraft. For high-speed aircraft, the standard rate…

  • Chapter 15: Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes › Turboprop Engines

    constant speed propeller produces maximum thrust on takeoff. Turbojet engines are most efficient at high speeds and high altitudes, while propellers are most efficient at slow and medium speeds (less than 400 miles per hour (mph)). Propellers also ... Simplicity of operation 4. Minimum vibration 5. High power per unit of weight 6. Use of propeller for takeoff and landing Turboprop engines are most efficient at speeds between 250 and 400 mph and altitudes between…

  • Chapter 6: Takeoffs and Departure Climbs › Ground Effect on Takeoff

    much less than at VY or even VX. Under conditions of high density altitude, high temperature, and/or maximum gross weight, the airplane may be able to lift off but will be unable to climb out of ground effect ... option. To reduce drag, pitch should be reduced which means losing altitude. Pilots should remember that many airplanes cannot safely takeoff at maximum gross weight at certain altitudes and temperatures, due to lack of performance. Therefore, under marginal conditions…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › System Malfunctions › LTE at Altitude

    -density altitude, powerplants may be much slower to respond to power changes. When operating at high altitudes and high gross weights, especially while hovering, the tail rotor thrust may not be sufficient to maintain directional control ... rotor thrust and not necessarily power available. In these conditions, gross weights need to be reduced and/ or operations need to be limited to lower density altitudes. This may not be noted as criteria on the performance charts…