Tutor Platform
Study note

Get a short, cited explanation of this element written from the FAA handbooks: the core idea, the numbers that matter, common test traps, and a quick self-check.

Sign in to generate a study note

From the FAA library

  • Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes › Operation of Systems › Flight Director/Autopilot

    altitude, navigation (NAV) intercept, and tracking) on the FD/AP mode controller. The computed flight commands are then displayed to the pilot through either a single-cue or dual-cue system in the FCI. On a single-cue system, the commands ... system only does what it is told. The pilot should ensure that it has been programmed properly for the particular phase of flight desired. The armed and/or engaged modes are usually displayed on the mode controller or separate annunciator lights…

  • Chapter 9: Navigation Systems › Instrument Approach Systems › Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)

    Instrument Approach Systems Most navigation systems approved for en route and terminal operations under IFR, such as VOR, NDB, and GPS, may also be approved to conduct IAPs. The most common systems in use in the United States ... simplified directional facility (SDF), localizer-type directional aid (LDA), and microwave landing system (MLS). These systems operate independently of other navigation systems. There are new systems being developed, such as WAAS and LAAS. Other systems have been developed for special…

  • Chapter 6: Airborne Navigation Databases › Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation Databases

    Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation Databases Understanding the capabilities and limitations of the navigation systems installed in an aircraft is one of the pilot’s biggest concerns for IFR flight. Considering the vast number of RNAV systems and pilot interfaces ... available today, it is critical that pilots and flight crews be familiar with the manufacturer’s operating manual for each RNAV system they operate and achieve and retain proficiency operating those systems in the IFR environment. Most professional and general…

  • Chapter 1. Air Navigation › Section 1. Navigation Aids › 1-1-17. Global Positioning System (GPS)

    have the most current information concerning their electronic database. (5) If RAIM is not available, use another type of navigation and approach system; select another route or destination; or delay the trip until RAIM is predicted to be available ... provide an early indication that an unscheduled satellite outage has occurred since takeoff. (6) If a RAIM failure/status annunciation occurs prior to the final approach waypoint (FAWP), the approach should not be completed since GPS no longer provides the required…

  • Chapter 1. Air Navigation › Section 1. Navigation Aids › 1-1-19. Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS)

    Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS) a. A GBAS ground installation at an airport can provide localized, differential augmentation to the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal-in-space enabling an aircraft’s GLS precision approach capability. Through ... instrument approach offering three-dimensional angular, lateral, and vertical guidance for exact alignment and descent to a runway. The operational benefits of a GLS approach are similar to the benefits of an ILS or LPV approach operation. To remain consistent…

  • Chapter 10. Helicopter Operations › Section 1. Helicopter IFR Operations › 10-1-1. Helicopter Flight Control Systems

    order to be certificated for IFR operation, a specific helicopter may require the use of one or more of these systems, in any combination. d. In many cases, helicopters are certificated for IFR operations with either one or two pilots ... Certain equipment is required to be installed and functional for two pilot operations, and typically, additional equipment is required for single pilot operation. These requirements are usually described in the limitations section of the Rotorcraft Flight Manual…