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  • Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Air Traffic Control (ATC) Services › Radar Traffic Advisories

    traffic is referenced by azimuth from the aircraft in terms of the 12-hour clock. Also, distance in nautical miles, direction in which the target is moving, and type and altitude of the aircraft, if known, are given. An example ... would be: “Traffic 10 o’clock 5 miles east bound, Cessna 152, 3,000 feet.” The pilot should note that traffic position is based on the aircraft track and that wind correction can affect the clock position at which…

  • Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Effect and Use of Flight Controls

    With the pilot’s hand: ⦁ When pulling the elevator pitch control toward the pilot, which is an aft movement of the control wheel, yoke, control stick, or side stick controller (referred to as adding back pressure), the airplane’s nose ... airplane. Think of this movement from the pilot’s feet to the pilot’s head. ⦁ When pushing elevator pitch control toward the instrument panel, (referred to as increasing forward pressure), the airplane rotates the nose forward relative to the pilot…

  • Chapter 6: Flight Controls

    addition, in some large and fast aircraft, controls are boosted by hydraulically or electrically actuated systems. In both the fly-by-wire and boosted controls, the feel of the control reaction is fed back to the pilot by simulated means ... Current research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Flight Research Center involves Intelligent Flight Control Systems (IFCS). The goal of this project is to develop an adaptive neural network-based flight control system. Applied directly to flight…

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Hazard Combinations › Airspace, Air Traffic Control, and Other Aircraft

    Airspace, Air Traffic Control, and Other Aircraft Airspace requirements and ATC services facilitate safe and efficient operations. However, under some circumstances, their presence or absence constitutes a “V” hazard. • Prohibited and Restricted Airspace–Different airspace designations and restrictions are meant ... protect pilots and aircraft from hazards. For example, entering a prohibited or restricted area without permission can result in conflicts with military aircraft. • ATC Delays and Service Availability–The ATC system may require route changes or holding, which may require…

  • Chapter 15: Airspace › Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System › Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Requirements

    requirements for a student pilot seeking a recreational pilot certificate in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.94, or the aircraft is operated by a student pilot who has met the requirements of 14 CFR part 61, sections ... applicable. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, all aircraft within Class B airspace must be equipped with the applicable operating transponder and automatic altitude reporting equipment specified in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215(a) and an operable two-way radio…

  • Pilot/Controller Glossary › U

    based), control links, support equipment, payloads, flight termination systems, and launch/recovery equipment. It consists of three elements: unmanned aircraft, control station, and data link. UNPUBLISHED ROUTE- A route for which no minimum altitude is published or charted for pilot ... ATC to the flight deck. UPWIND LEG- (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.) URBAN AIR MOBILITY (UAM)- A subset of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), referring to an air transportation system utilizing highly automated aircraft to transport passengers or cargo in urban/suburban areas. URGENCY…