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  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    over-the-top. A VFR operation in which an aircraft operates in VFR conditions on top of an undercast. Victor airways. Airways based on a centerline that extends from one VOR or VORTAC navigation aid or intersection, to another navigation ... through several navigation aids or intersections); used to establish a known route for en route procedures between terminal areas. Visual approach slope indicator (VASI). A visual aid of lights arranged to provide descent guidance information during the approach…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Power-Off Accuracy Approaches

    accomplish this, it is essential that both the descent angle and the airspeed be accurately controlled. Unlike a normal approach when the power setting is variable, on a power-off approach the power is fixed at the idle setting. Pitch ... attitude is adjusted to control the airspeed. This also changes the glide or descent angle. If an airplane is on approach with an airspeed higher than best glide, pitching down will increase the airspeed and steepen the descent angle, while…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Normal Approach and Landing › Final Approach

    pilot should use the manufacturer's recommended airspeed or 1.3 VSO if there is no manufacturer's recommendation. As the pitch attitude and airspeed stabilize, the airplane is re-trimmed to relieve any control pressure. The descent angle is controlled ... throughout the approach so that the airplane lands in the center of the first third of the runway. The descent angle is affected by all four fundamental forces that act on an airplane (lift, drag, thrust, and weight…

  • Chapter 8: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying › Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate) › Entry

    Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate) A descent may be performed at any normal airspeed the helicopter can attain, but the airspeed must be determined prior to entry. The technique is determined by the type of descent, a constant ... airspeed, or a constant rate. Entry If airspeed is higher than descending airspeed, and a constant airspeed descent is desired, reduce power to a descent power setting and maintain a constant altitude using cyclic pitch control. This slows the helicopter…

  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    operations specify the amount of ceiling and the visibility the pilot must have in order to operate according to these rules. When the weather conditions are such that the pilot cannot operate according to VFR, he or she must ... instrument flight rules (IFR). Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling meeting or exceeding the minimums specified for VFR. VLE. Landing gear extended speed. The maximum speed at which an airplane…

  • 14 CFR § 121.434 Operating experience, operating cycles, and consolidation of knowledge and skills.

    Operating experience, operating cycles, and consolidation of knowledge and skills. operating flight time for consolidation of knowledge and skills (including operating experience required under paragraph (c) of this section) within 120 days after the satisfactory completion of: (1) Any part ... Pilots who have qualified and served as pilot in command or second in command on a particular type airplane in operations under this part before August 25, 1995 are not required to complete line operating flight time for consolidation…