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  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Landing Performance

    item that alters the landing speed or deceleration rate during the landing roll affects the landing distance. The effect of gross weight on landing distance is one of the principal items determining the landing distance. One effect of an increased ... gross weight is that a greater speed is required to support the aircraft at the landing AOA and lift coefficient. For an example of the effect of a change in gross weight, a 21 percent increase in landing weight requires…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Crosswind Approach and Landing

    Common Errors Common errors with forward slips to a landing: 1. Incorrect pitch adjustments that result in poor airspeed control. 2. Reacting to erroneous airspeed indications. 3. Using excess power while trying to lose altitude. 4. A slip ... same direction as any crosswind. 5. Poor glidepath control. 6. Late transition to a sideslip during landing with crosswinds. 7. Landing without the longitudinal axis parallel to runway. 8. Landing off the centerline. Crosswind Approach and Landing Most runways…

  • Chapter 8: Airport Traffic Patterns › Standard Airport Traffic Patterns

    Figure 8-2. Traffic pattern indicators. Consider the following points when arriving at an airport for landing: ⦁ The pilot should be aware of the appropriate traffic pattern altitude before entering the pattern and remain clear of the traffic flow until ... normally entered at a 45° angle to the downwind leg, headed toward a point abeam the midpoint of the runway to be used for landing. ⦁ The pilot should ensure that the entry leg is of sufficient length to provide…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Final Approach › Wrong Surface Landing Avoidance

    airspeed are maintained by integrating pitch and power changes, an untrained or inexperienced pilot may try to reach a landing spot by applying back-elevator pressure without adding power. However, attempting to stretch the final approach by raising the pitch ... rate of descent or a low altitude stall. It is possible for either or both to occur. Wrong Surface Landing Avoidance A wrong surface landing occurs when an aircraft lands or tries to land on the wrong runway…

  • Chapter 14: Airport Operations › ATC Instructions—“Runway Shortened” › Pre-Landing, Landing, and After-Landing

    Landing, Landing, and After-Landing While en route and after receiving the destination airport ATIS/landing information, review the airport diagram and brief yourself as to your exit taxiway. Determine the following: • Are there any runway hold markings in close proximity ... exit taxiway? • Do not cross any hold markings or exit onto any runways without ATC clearance. After landing, use the utmost caution where the exit taxiways intersect another runway, and do not exit onto another runway without ATC authorization…

  • Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Crosswind Approach and Landing › Crosswind Final Approach

    precise airplane control as changes in control pressure occur near the ground, on short final, and while over the runway. To use the wing-low method, the pilot first uses rudder to align and maintain the airplane’s heading with ... runway direction. Since the airplane is now exposed to an uncorrected crosswind, the airplane will begin to drift. Note the rate and direction of drift, and oppose it using ailerons resulting in just enough bank to cancel the drift. [Figure…