AI.II.B.S2

From the FAA library

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 2-19
  Chapter 2: Ground Operations › Taxiing

  evaluate their taxi instructions. ⦁ The pilot should be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions. If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot ... necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew. ⦁ When taxiing, the pilot’s eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 4-4-12
  Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation › 4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures and Scanning Techniques

  threat increases directly as more time is spent looking outside the aircraft. One must use timesharing techniques to effectively scan the surrounding airspace while monitoring instruments as well. d. Since the eye can focus only on a narrow viewing area ... effective scanning is accomplished with a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each movement should not exceed ten degrees, and each area should be observed…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 1-11
  Chapter 1: Introduction to Flight Training › Safety Considerations › Collision Avoidance

  thus it is easily degraded by psychological and physiological conditions such as fatigue, boredom, illness, anxiety, or preoccupation. Effective scanning is accomplished with a series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into ... enable detection. Although horizontal back-and-forth eye movements seem preferred by most pilots, each pilot should develop a scanning pattern that is comfortable and adhere to it to assure optimum scanning. Peripheral vision can be most useful in spotting…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-30
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Collision Avoidance › Scanning Techniques for Traffic Avoidance

  turns including chandelles, lazy eights, stalls, slow flight, climbs, straight and level, spins, and other combination maneuvers. Scanning Techniques for Traffic Avoidance • Pilots must be aware of the limitations inherent in the visual scanning process. These limitations may include: • Reduced ... scan frequency due to concentration on flight instruments or tablets and distraction with passengers. • Blind spots related to high-wing and low-wing aircraft in addition to windshield posts and sun visors. Prevailing weather conditions including reduced visibility…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 8-1-8
  Chapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots › Section 1. Fitness for Flight › 8-1-6. Vision in Flight

  trained to process sight information that is presented from left to right, one may find it easier to start scanning over the left shoulder and proceed across the windshield to the right. 4. Pilots should realize that their eyes ... will also tire more quickly when forced to adjust to distances immediately after close-up focus, as required for scanning the instrument panel. Eye fatigue can be reduced by looking from the instrument panel to the left wing past…

• Instrument Flying Handbookp. 6-24
  Chapter 6, Section II: Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying › Scanning Techniques › Starting the Scan

  Starting the Scan Start the scan in the center of the PFD on the yellow chevron. Note the pitch attitude and then transition the eyes upward to the slip/skid indicator. Ensure that the aircraft is coordinated by aligning the split ... NOTE: The aircraft is not changing heading. There is no trend vector on the turn rate indicator.] While scanning that region, check the roll pointer and assure that the desired degree of roll is being indicated on the bank scale…