Flight Instructor for Airplane Category
›Area of Operation I. Fundamentals of Instructing6 tasks
Task A. Effects of Human Behavior and Communication on the Learning Process
To determine the applicant understands human behavior and effective communication, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.A.K1Elements of human behavior, including:FI.I.A.K1aDefinitions of human behaviorFI.I.A.K1bInstructor and learner relationshipFI.I.A.K1cMotivationFI.I.A.K1dHuman needsFI.I.A.K1eDefense mechanismsFI.I.A.K2Learner emotional reactions, including:FI.I.A.K2aAnxiety and stressFI.I.A.K2bImpatienceFI.I.A.K2cWorry or lack of interestFI.I.A.K2dPhysical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydrationFI.I.A.K2eApathy due to inadequate instructionFI.I.A.K3Teaching the adult learner.FI.I.A.K4Effective communication, including:FI.I.A.K4aBasic elements of communicationFI.I.A.K4bBarriers to effective communicationFI.I.A.K4cDeveloping communication skills
Task B. Learning Process
To determine the applicant understands the learning process, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.B.K1Definitions of learning.FI.I.B.K2Learning theory as it applies to ground and flight instruction, including:FI.I.B.K2aBehaviorismFI.I.B.K2bCognitive TheoryFI.I.B.K3Perceptions and insight.FI.I.B.K4Acquiring knowledge.FI.I.B.K5Laws of learning.FI.I.B.K6Domains of learning, including:FI.I.B.K6aCognitiveFI.I.B.K6bAffectiveFI.I.B.K6cPsychomotorFI.I.B.K7Characteristics of learning.FI.I.B.K8Scenario-based training (SBT).FI.I.B.K9Acquiring skill knowledge, including:FI.I.B.K9aStagesFI.I.B.K9bKnowledge of resultsFI.I.B.K9cHow to develop skillsFI.I.B.K9dLearning plateausFI.I.B.K10Types of practice.FI.I.B.K11Evaluation versus critique.FI.I.B.K12Distractions, interruptions, fixation, and inattention.FI.I.B.K13Errors.FI.I.B.K14Memory, including:FI.I.B.K14aSensoryFI.I.B.K14bShort-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM)FI.I.B.K14cHow usage affects memoryFI.I.B.K14dForgettingFI.I.B.K15Retention of learning.FI.I.B.K16Transfer of learning.
Task C. Course Development, Lesson Plans, and Classroom Training Techniques
To determine the applicant understands the teaching process, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.C.K1Teaching, including:FI.I.C.K1aProcessFI.I.C.K1bEssential skillsFI.I.C.K2Course of training.FI.I.C.K3Preparation of a lesson, including:FI.I.C.K3aTraining objectives and completion standardsFI.I.C.K3bPerformance-based objectivesFI.I.C.K3cImportance of Airman Certification Standards (ACS) in aviation training curriculaFI.I.C.K3dDecision-based objectivesFI.I.C.K4Organization of material.FI.I.C.K5Training delivery methods, including:FI.I.C.K5aLectureFI.I.C.K5bDiscussionFI.I.C.K5cGuided discussionFI.I.C.K5dCooperative or group learningFI.I.C.K5eDemonstration-performanceFI.I.C.K5fDrill and practiceFI.I.C.K6Electronic learning (e-Learning).FI.I.C.K7Instructional aids and training technologies, including:FI.I.C.K7aCharacteristics of effective instructional aidsFI.I.C.K7bReasons for useFI.I.C.K7cGuidelines for useFI.I.C.K7dTypesFI.I.C.K8Integrated flight instruction.FI.I.C.K9Problem-based instruction.FI.I.C.K10Planning instructional activity, including:FI.I.C.K10aBlocks of learningFI.I.C.K10bTraining syllabusFI.I.C.K10cLesson plans
Task D. Student Evaluation, Assessment, and Testing
To determine the applicant understands evaluation and testing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.D.K1Purpose and characteristics of effective assessment.FI.I.D.K2Traditional assessments.FI.I.D.K3Authentic assessments, including:FI.I.D.K3aLearner-centered assessmentFI.I.D.K3bManeuver or procedure gradesFI.I.D.K3cAssessing risk management skillsFI.I.D.K4Choosing an effective assessment method.FI.I.D.K5Purposes and types of critiques.FI.I.D.K6Oral assessment, including:FI.I.D.K6aCharacteristics of effective questionsFI.I.D.K6bTypes of questions to avoidFI.I.D.K6cAnswering learner questionsFI.I.D.K7Assessment of piloting ability.
Task E. Elements of Effective Teaching in a Professional Environment
To determine the applicant understands effects of instructor behavior on effective teaching, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.E.K1Aviation instructor responsibilities, including:FI.I.E.K1aHelping learnersFI.I.E.K1bProviding adequate instructionFI.I.E.K1cTraining to established standards of performanceFI.I.E.K1dEmphasizing the positiveFI.I.E.K1eMinimizing learner frustrationsFI.I.E.K2Flight instructor responsibilities, including supervision and surveillance during training.FI.I.E.K3Flight instructor qualifications and professionalism.FI.I.E.K4Professional development.FI.I.E.K5Instructor ethics and conduct.
Task F. Elements of Effective Teaching that Include Risk Management and Accident Prevention
To determine the applicant understands teaching practical risk management, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.F.K1Teaching risk identification, assessment, and mitigation.FI.I.F.K2Teaching risk management tools, including:FI.I.F.K2aPilot/Aircraft/enVironment/External Pressures (PAVE) checklistFI.I.F.K2bFlight Risk Assessment Tools (FRATs)FI.I.F.K3When and how to introduce risk management.FI.I.F.K4Risk management teaching techniques by phase of instruction.FI.I.F.K5Managing risk during flight instruction, including:FI.I.F.K5aCommon flight instruction risksFI.I.F.K5bBest practicesFI.I.F.K5cSpecial considerations while teaching takeoffs and landingsFI.I.F.K6Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
FI.I.F.S1Use scenario-based training (SBT) to demonstrate, teach, and assess risk management and Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) skills in the context of a Task specified by the evaluator.FI.I.F.S2Identify, assess, and mitigate risks commonly associated with flight instruction by maintaining:FI.I.F.S2aAwareness and oversight of the learner’s actions, with timely and appropriate supervision, intervention, or mitigation as neededFI.I.F.S2bAwareness of the learner’s cognitive/physiological state, with timely action to mitigate anxiety, fatigue, or other obstruction to learningFI.I.F.S2cOverall situational awareness of the aircraft’s dynamic state, its position in space, and vigilance for unexpected events or changing circumstances that occur in the environmentFI.I.F.S3Model and teach safety practices, including maintaining:FI.I.F.S3aCollision avoidance while simultaneously providing instructionFI.I.F.S3bAvoidance of unnecessary distractionsFI.I.F.S3cCoordinated flightFI.I.F.S3dAwareness of who is manipulating controls through positive exchange of flight controlsFI.I.F.S3eContinuous awareness of the aircraft’s dynamic state and position in the NAS
Note: The evaluator must select Tasks C, K, and at least one other Task from this Area of Operation. The evaluator must also select Task P for multiengine applicants.
›Area of Operation II. Technical Subject Areas16 tasks
Task A. Human Factors
To determine the applicant understands personal health, flight physiology, aeromedical and human factors, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.II.A.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:AI.II.A.K1aHypoxiaAI.II.A.K1bHyperventilationAI.II.A.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problemsAI.II.A.K1dSpatial disorientationAI.II.A.K1eMotion sicknessAI.II.A.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoningAI.II.A.K1gStressAI.II.A.K1hFatigueAI.II.A.K1iDehydration and nutritionAI.II.A.K1jHypothermiaAI.II.A.K1kOptical illusionsAI.II.A.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba divesAI.II.A.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.AI.II.A.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.AI.II.A.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
Task B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
To determine the applicant understands visual scanning and collision avoidance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate pilot-in-command skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 90-48; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.II.B.K1Environmental conditions that degrade vision.AI.II.B.K2Vestibular and visual illusions.AI.II.B.K3“See and Avoid” responsibilities.AI.II.B.K4Visual scanning procedure and the importance of peripheral vision.AI.II.B.K5Aircraft blind spots and clearing procedures.AI.II.B.K6Visual cues of an impending mid-air collision.AI.II.B.K7Situations that create the greatest collision risk.AI.II.B.K8Division of attention inside and outside the aircraft.
Task C. Runway Incursion Avoidance
To determine the applicant understands runway incursion avoidance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.II.C.K1Runway incursion definition.AI.II.C.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.AI.II.C.K3The importance of recording taxi instructions and reviewing taxi routes on the airport diagram.AI.II.C.K4Airport markings, signs, and lights including the importance of hold lines associated with runways.AI.II.C.K5Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing, including taxi route planning, briefing the location of Hot Spots, communicating and coordinating with ATC.AI.II.C.K6Communication and operational procedures at uncontrolled airports.
AI.II.C.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.II.C.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.AI.II.C.R3Entering or crossing runways.AI.II.C.R4Night taxi operations.AI.II.C.R5Low visibility taxi operations.AI.II.C.R6Runway incursion after landing.AI.II.C.R7Operating on taxiways between parallel runways.
Task D. Principles of Flight
To determine the applicant understands aerodynamics appropriate to the desired instructor certificate, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.II.D.K1Airfoil design characteristics.AI.II.D.K2Airplane stability, maneuverability and controllability.AI.II.D.K3Turning tendency (e.g., torque, p-factor, spiraling slipstream, and gyroscopic precession).AI.II.D.K4Forces acting on an airplane.AI.II.D.K5Load factors in airplane design.AI.II.D.K6Wingtip vortices and appropriate precautions.
Task E. Aircraft Flight Controls and Operation of Systems
To determine the applicant understands flight controls and systems on the airplane provided for the flight test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.II.E.K1Airplane systems, including:AI.II.E.K1aPrimary flight controlsAI.II.E.K1bSecondary flight controlsAI.II.E.K1cPowerplant and propellerAI.II.E.K1dLanding gearAI.II.E.K1eFuel, oil, and hydraulicAI.II.E.K1fElectricalAI.II.E.K1gAvionicsAI.II.E.K1hPitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instrumentsAI.II.E.K1iEnvironmentalAI.II.E.K1jDeicing and anti-icingAI.II.E.K1kWater rudders (ASES, AMES)AI.II.E.K1lOxygen systemAI.II.E.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant's knowledge of all sub elements.
Task F. Performance and Limitations
To determine the applicant understands aircraft performance and limitations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.II.F.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.AI.II.F.K2Factors affecting performance, including:AI.II.F.K2aAtmospheric conditionsAI.II.F.K2bPilot techniqueAI.II.F.K2cAirplane configurationAI.II.F.K2dAirport environmentAI.II.F.K2eLoading and weight and balanceAI.II.F.K3Weight and balance terms, including: basic empty weight, maximum gross weight, arm, moment, reference datum, center of gravity (CG) and CG limits, and useful load.AI.II.F.K4Methods for computing CG.AI.II.F.K5Aerodynamics.
Task G. National Airspace System
To determine the applicant understands the National Airspace System, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
AI.II.G.K1Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.AI.II.G.K2Chart symbols.AI.II.G.K3Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.AI.II.G.K4Currency of publications.AI.II.G.K5Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
AI.II.G.S1Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.AI.II.G.S2Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.AI.II.G.S3Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.
Task H. Navigation Systems and Radar Services
To determine the applicant understands navigation systems and radar services, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-78; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.II.H.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).AI.II.H.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).AI.II.H.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).AI.II.H.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
AI.II.H.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.AI.II.H.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.II.H.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.AI.II.H.R4Loss of a navigation signal.AI.II.H.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
AI.II.H.S1Use an airborne electronic navigation system.AI.II.H.S2Determine the airplane's position using the navigation system.AI.II.H.S3Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.AI.II.H.S4Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.AI.II.H.S5Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
Note: The evaluator should reference the manufacturer’s equipment supplement(s) as necessary for appropriate limitations, procedures, etc.
Task I. Navigation and Cross-Country Flight Planning
To determine the applicant understands navigation and cross-country flight planning, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25, NOTAMs; VFR Navigation Charts
AI.II.I.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.AI.II.I.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, visual flight rules (VFR) cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.AI.II.I.K3Plotting a course.AI.II.I.K4Power setting selection.AI.II.I.K5Calculating:AI.II.I.K5aTime, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeedAI.II.I.K5bEstimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)AI.II.I.K5cFuel requirements, including reserveAI.II.I.K6Elements of a VFR flight plan.AI.II.I.K7Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.AI.II.I.K8Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan.AI.II.I.K9Magnetic compass errors.AI.II.I.K10Pilotage and dead reckoning.AI.II.I.K11Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.AI.II.I.K12Diversion and lost procedures.AI.II.I.K13Inflight intercept procedures.AI.II.I.K14Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.AI.II.I.K15Chart symbols.
AI.II.I.S1Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis to the first fuel stop.AI.II.I.S2Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.AI.II.I.S3Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.AI.II.I.S4Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
Note: Preparation, presentation, and explanation of a computer-generated flight plan is an acceptable option.
Task J. 14 CFR and Publications
To determine the applicant understands the Code of Federal Regulations and other relevant publications, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; 49 CFR part 830; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Task K. Endorsements and Logbook Entries
To determine the applicant understands logbook entries and endorsements, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.II.K.K1Required logbook entries for instruction given.AI.II.K.K2Required student pilot pre-solo knowledge test, solo endorsements, and logbook entries.AI.II.K.K3Other required pilot logbook endorsements (e.g., Class B Airspace, Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR)).AI.II.K.K4Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including appropriate logbook entry and relevant certificate/rating application for:AI.II.K.K4aInitial pilot certificationAI.II.K.K4bAdditional pilot certificationAI.II.K.K4cAdditional aircraft qualificationAI.II.K.K5Endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of an FAA flight review.AI.II.K.K6Required flight instructor records.AI.II.K.K7Flight instructor renewal and reinstatement requirements.
Task L. Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
AI.II.L.K1Characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:AI.II.L.K1aSize and locationAI.II.L.K1bProtected and unprotected areasAI.II.L.K1cSurface windAI.II.L.K1dDirection and strength of water currentAI.II.L.K1eFloating and partially submerged debrisAI.II.L.K1fSandbars, islands, and shoalsAI.II.L.K1gVessel traffic and wakesAI.II.L.K1hDirection and height of wavesAI.II.L.K1iOther characteristics specific to the areaAI.II.L.K2Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance.AI.II.L.K3Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences.AI.II.L.K4How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.AI.II.L.K5Operating restrictions at various bases.AI.II.L.K6Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.AI.II.L.K7Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers.AI.II.L.K8Naval vessel protection zones.AI.II.L.K9No wake zones.
AI.II.L.S1Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance.AI.II.L.S2Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.AI.II.L.S3Identify marine navigation aids.AI.II.L.S4Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations.AI.II.L.S5Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight.AI.II.L.S6Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases.
Task M. Night Operations
To determine the applicant understands night operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.II.M.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.AI.II.M.K2Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.AI.II.M.K3Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.AI.II.M.K4Personal equipment essential for night flight.AI.II.M.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.AI.II.M.K6Use of instruments to verify the aircraft attitude at night.AI.II.M.K7Visual illusions at night.AI.II.M.K8Night taxi operations.AI.II.M.K9Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
AI.II.M.R1Inoperative equipment.AI.II.M.R2Weather considerations specific to night operations.AI.II.M.R3Collision hazards.AI.II.M.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.II.M.R5Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.AI.II.M.R6Runway incursion.AI.II.M.R7Night currency versus proficiency.
Task N. High Altitude Operations - Supplemental Oxygen
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight at higher altitudes where supplemental oxygen is required or recommended, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-107; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.II.N.K2Physiological factors, including:AI.II.N.K2aImpairmentAI.II.N.K2bSymptoms of hypoxiaAI.II.N.K2cTime of useful consciousness (TUC)AI.II.N.K3Operational factors, including:AI.II.N.K3aCharacteristics, limitations, and applicability of continuous flow, demand, and pressuredemand oxygen systemsAI.II.N.K3bDifferences between and identification of “aviator’s breathing oxygen” and other types of oxygenAI.II.N.K3cPrecautions when using supplemental oxygen systems
AI.II.N.S1Provide an adequate briefing on use of supplemental oxygen equipment.AI.II.N.S2Operate or simulate operation of the installed or portable oxygen equipment in the aircraft, if installed or available.AI.II.N.S3Determine the quantity of supplemental oxygen required in a scenario given by the evaluator.
Task O. High Altitude Operations - Pressurization
To determine the applicant understands flight in pressurized aircraft at high altitudes, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-107; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Task P. One Engine Inoperative (OEI) Performance (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands elements related to multiengine performance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.II.P.K1Proficient use of appropriate performance charts, tables, graphs, or other data to determine airplane performance and limitations for all phases of flight.AI.II.P.K2Effects of exceeding limitations.AI.II.P.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.AI.II.P.K4Factors to be considered to determine required performance is within the airplane's single and multiengine cababilities.AI.II.P.K5Aerodynamics of OEI operation including:AI.II.P.K5aCritical engineAI.II.P.K5bEffects of bank angle on VMCAI.II.P.K5cZero side slipAI.II.P.K5dReasons for loss of directional controlAI.II.P.K6The relationship between minimum control speed (VMC) and stall speed and the effect of density altitude on that relationship.AI.II.P.K7How to determine the best course of action after an engine failure.
Note: Evaluator assesses the applicant's knowledge of at least two knowledge elements from this Task. The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation III. Preflight Preparation3 tasks
Task A. Pilot Qualifications
To determine the applicant understands pilot training and qualification requirements for different levels of pilot certificate including student pilot, sport pilot, recreational pilot, private pilot, commercial pilot, and flight instructor; can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 61, 68, 91; AC 60-28, AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.III.A.K1Certification, currency, and recordkeeping requirements, including training and logbook entries.AI.III.A.K2Privileges and limitations of pilot certificates and ratings at student pilot, sport, recreational, private, commercial, and flight instructor levels.AI.III.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications, and operations under BasicMed.AI.III.A.K4Documents pilots must possess to exercise privileges of the specified certificate(s) and rating(s).
Task B. Airworthiness Requirements
To determine the applicant understands airworthiness requirements, including aircraft certificates, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 23, 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.III.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:AI.III.B.K1aLocation and expiration dates of required aircraft certificatesAI.III.B.K1bRequired inspections and aircraft logbook documentationAI.III.B.K1cAirworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information BulletinsAI.III.B.K1dPurpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permitAI.III.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.AI.III.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:AI.III.B.K3aFlying with inoperative equipmentAI.III.B.K3bUsing an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)AI.III.B.K3cKinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)AI.III.B.K3dRequired discrepancy records or placardsAI.III.B.K4Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.
Task C. Weather Information
To determine the applicant understands weather information, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28
AI.III.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.AI.III.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:AI.III.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)AI.III.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)AI.III.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)AI.III.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)AI.III.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)AI.III.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)AI.III.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMETAI.III.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:AI.III.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stabilityAI.III.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)AI.III.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchangeAI.III.C.K3dMoisture/precipitationAI.III.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and frontsAI.III.C.K3fCloudsAI.III.C.K3gTurbulenceAI.III.C.K3hThunderstorms and microburstsAI.III.C.K3iIcing and freezing level informationAI.III.C.K3jFog/mistAI.III.C.K3kFrostAI.III.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)AI.III.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
AI.III.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:AI.III.C.R1aCircumstances that would make diversion prudentAI.III.C.R1bPersonal weather minimumsAI.III.C.R1cHazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloftAI.III.C.R2Use and limitations of:AI.III.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipmentAI.III.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecastsAI.III.C.R2cInflight weather resources
AI.III.C.S1Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.AI.III.C.S2Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.AI.III.C.S3Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
Note: If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. The evaluator asks the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson would be taught to a student and determines the outcome of this Task before the flight portion of the practical test. Previously developed lesson plans from the instructor applicant's library may be used.
›Area of Operation IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight1 tasks
Task A. Maneuver Lesson
To determine the applicant understands the elements associated with a maneuver Task selected from Area of Operation VII through Area of Operation XII (ASEL, ASES) or Area of Operation VII through Area of Operation XIII (AMEL, AMES) and applies that knowledge when delivering ground instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation V. Preflight Procedures6 tasks
Task A. Preflight Assessment
To determine the applicant understands preflight assessment, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; POH/ AFM
AI.V.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.AI.V.A.K2Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.AI.V.A.K3Airplane preflight inspection, including:AI.V.A.K3aWhich items should be inspectedAI.V.A.K3bThe reasons for checking each itemAI.V.A.K3cHow to detect possible defectsAI.V.A.K3dThe associated regulationsAI.V.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
Task B. Flight Deck Management
To determine the applicant understands flight deck management, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-71; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.V.B.S1Secure all items in the aircraft.AI.V.B.S2Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.AI.V.B.S3Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.AI.V.B.S4Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task C. Engine Starting
To determine the applicant understands engine starting, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Task D. Taxiing, Airport Signs, and Lighting (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant understands taxiing an airplane, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.V.D.K1Elements of safe taxi operations.AI.V.D.K2Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).AI.V.D.K3Taxi instructions/clearances.AI.V.D.K4Airport markings, signs, and lights.AI.V.D.K5Visual indicators for wind.AI.V.D.K6Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.AI.V.D.K7Procedures for:AI.V.D.K7aAppropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot SpotsAI.V.D.K7bRadio communications at towered and nontowered airportsAI.V.D.K7cEntering or crossing runwaysAI.V.D.K7dNight taxi operationsAI.V.D.K7eLow visibility taxi operations
AI.V.D.S1Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.AI.V.D.S2Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.AI.V.D.S3Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AI.V.D.S4Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.V.D.S5Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.AI.V.D.S6Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.AI.V.D.S7Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.AI.V.D.S8Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.
Task E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands taxiing and sailing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
AI.V.E.K1Procedures for various types of taxiing and sailing.AI.V.E.K2Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).AI.V.E.K3Taxi instructions/clearances.AI.V.E.K4Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights.AI.V.E.K5Visual indicators for wind.AI.V.E.K6Airplane lighting.AI.V.E.K7Procedures for:AI.V.E.K7aAppropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailingAI.V.E.K7bRadio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
AI.V.E.S1Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.AI.V.E.S2Use an appropriate airport diagram or taxi chart, if published.AI.V.E.S3Comply with seaplane base/airport/taxiway markings, signals, and signs.AI.V.E.S4Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.AI.V.E.S5Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.V.E.S6Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi.AI.V.E.S7Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate.AI.V.E.S8Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions.AI.V.E.S9Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons.AI.V.E.S10Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
Task F. Before Takeoff Check
To determine the applicant understands before takeoff checks, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.V.F.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.AI.V.F.R2Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).AI.V.F.R3Wake turbulence.AI.V.F.R4Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.
AI.V.F.S1Review takeoff performance.AI.V.F.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.V.F.S3Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.AI.V.F.S4Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.AI.V.F.S5Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation VI. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations2 tasks
Task A. Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems
To determine the applicant understands communications, ATC light signals, and runway lighting systems and can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.VI.A.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.AI.VI.A.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.AI.VI.A.K3ATC light signal recognition.AI.VI.A.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).AI.VI.A.K5Lost communication procedures.AI.VI.A.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.AI.VI.A.K7Radar assistance.AI.VI.A.K8Runway Status Lighting Systems.AI.VI.A.K9Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VI.A.S1Select and activate appropriate frequencies.AI.VI.A.S2Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.AI.VI.A.S3Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.AI.VI.A.S4Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Traffic Patterns
To determine the applicant understands traffic patterns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
AI.VI.B.S1Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.AI.VI.B.S2Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.AI.VI.B.S3Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.AI.VI.B.S4Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.AI.VI.B.S5Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.AI.VI.B.S6Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.AI.VI.B.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: The evaluator must select at least two takeoff and two landing Tasks from Area of Operation VII, Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds.
›Area of Operation VII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds15 tasks
Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant understands normal takeoff and climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.A.K1Procedures for normal and crosswind takeoff.AI.VII.A.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.A.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.A.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.A.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.A.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.A.R2Effects of:AI.VII.A.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.A.R2bWindshearAI.VII.A.R2cTailwindAI.VII.A.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.A.R2eTakeoff surface/conditionAI.VII.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.A.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.A.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.A.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.A.R7Runway incursion.
AI.VII.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.A.S3Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.AI.VII.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AI.VII.A.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AI.VII.A.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).AI.VII.A.S7Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES).AI.VII.A.S8Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.AI.VII.A.S9Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).AI.VII.A.S10Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES).AI.VII.A.S11Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.AI.VII.A.S12Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, ±5 knots.AI.VII.A.S13Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.AI.VII.A.S14Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.A.S15Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.A.S16Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.AI.VII.A.S17Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task B. Normal Approach and Landing
To determine the applicant understands normal approach and landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.B.K1Procedures for normal and crosswind approach and landing.AI.VII.B.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.B.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.B.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.B.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.B.R2Effects of:AI.VII.B.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.B.R2bWindshearAI.VII.B.R2cTailwindAI.VII.B.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.B.R2eLanding surface/conditionAI.VII.B.R3Planning for:AI.VII.B.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAI.VII.B.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)AI.VII.B.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.B.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.AI.VII.B.S4Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.B.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.AI.VII.B.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.B.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), ±5 knots with gust factor applied.AI.VII.B.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.B.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.AI.VII.B.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.AI.VII.B.S11Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AI.VII.B.S12Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)
To determine the applicant understands soft-field takeoff and climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.C.K1Purpose of and procedures for soft-field takeoff and climb.AI.VII.C.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.C.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.C.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.C.K5Ground effect.AI.VII.C.K6Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.AI.VII.C.K7Left turning tendencies.AI.VII.C.K8Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.C.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.C.R2Effects of:AI.VII.C.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.C.R2bWindshearAI.VII.C.R2cTailwindAI.VII.C.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.C.R2eRunway surface/conditionAI.VII.C.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.C.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.C.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.C.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.C.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.C.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.C.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.AI.VII.C.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AI.VII.C.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AI.VII.C.S6Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.AI.VII.C.S7Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.AI.VII.C.S8Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.AI.VII.C.S9Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.AI.VII.C.S10Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed ±5 knots during the climb.AI.VII.C.S11Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.AI.VII.C.S12Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.C.S13Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.C.S14Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.AI.VII.C.S15Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)
To determine the applicant understands soft-field approach and landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.D.K1Purpose of and procedures for soft-field approach and landing.AI.VII.D.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.D.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.D.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.D.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.D.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.D.R2Effects of:AI.VII.D.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.D.R2bWindshearAI.VII.D.R2cTailwindAI.VII.D.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.D.R2eRunway surface/conditionAI.VII.D.R3Planning for:AI.VII.D.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAI.VII.D.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)AI.VII.D.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.D.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.D.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.D.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.AI.VII.D.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.D.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.AI.VII.D.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.D.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), ±5 knots with gust factor applied.AI.VII.D.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.D.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.AI.VII.D.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.AI.VII.D.S11Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.AI.VII.D.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AI.VII.D.S13Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.AI.VII.D.S14Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant understands short-field takeoff and maximum performance climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.E.K1Purpose of and procedures for short-field takeoff and maximum performance climb.AI.VII.E.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.E.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.E.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.E.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.E.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.E.R2Effects of:AI.VII.E.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.E.R2bWindshearAI.VII.E.R2cTailwindAI.VII.E.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.E.R2eLanding surface/conditionAI.VII.E.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.E.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.E.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.E.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.E.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.E.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.E.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.E.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.E.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.AI.VII.E.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AI.VII.E.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AI.VII.E.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.AI.VII.E.S7Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.AI.VII.E.S8Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.AI.VII.E.S9Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, ±5 knots.AI.VII.E.S10Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, ±5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.AI.VII.E.S11Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY ±5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet above ground level (AGL) if simulating an obstacle.AI.VII.E.S12Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.AI.VII.E.S13Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.E.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.E.S15Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.AI.VII.E.S16Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant understands short-field approach and landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.F.K1Purpose of and procedures for short-field approach and landing.AI.VII.F.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.F.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.F.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.F.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.F.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.F.R2Effects of:AI.VII.F.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.F.R2bWindshearAI.VII.F.R2cTailwindAI.VII.F.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.F.R2eLanding surface/conditionAI.VII.F.R3Planning for:AI.VII.F.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAI.VII.F.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)AI.VII.F.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.F.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.F.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.F.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.F.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.F.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.AI.VII.F.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.F.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.AI.VII.F.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.F.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), ±5 knots with gust factor applied.AI.VII.F.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.F.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.AI.VII.F.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 100 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.AI.VII.F.S11Use manufacturer’s recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.AI.VII.F.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AI.VII.F.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands confined area takeoff and maximum performance climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.G.K1Purpose of and procedures for confined area takeoff and maximum performance climb.AI.VII.G.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.G.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.G.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.G.K5Effects of water surface.AI.VII.G.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.G.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.G.R2Effects of:AI.VII.G.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.G.R2bWindshearAI.VII.G.R2cTailwindAI.VII.G.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.G.R2eWater surface/conditionAI.VII.G.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.G.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.G.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.G.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.G.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.G.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.G.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.G.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.G.S3Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.AI.VII.G.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AI.VII.G.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AI.VII.G.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area, and align the airplane on the takeoff path.AI.VII.G.S7Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.AI.VII.G.S8Establish a pitch attitude that maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and correct for porpoising and skipping.AI.VII.G.S9Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.AI.VII.G.S10Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).AI.VII.G.S11Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.AI.VII.G.S12Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, ±5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.AI.VII.G.S13Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY ±5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet above ground level (AGL) if simulating an obstacle.AI.VII.G.S14Retract flaps, if extended, after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s guidance.AI.VII.G.S15Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.G.S16Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.G.S17Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.AI.VII.G.S18Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands confined area approach and landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.H.K1Purpose of and procedures for confined area approach and landing.AI.VII.H.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.H.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.H.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.H.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.H.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.H.R2Effects of:AI.VII.H.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.H.R2bWindshearAI.VII.H.R2cTailwindAI.VII.H.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.H.R2eWater surface/conditionAI.VII.H.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.AI.VII.H.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.H.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.H.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.VII.H.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.H.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.H.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned for an approach to the correct/assigned landing surface.AI.VII.H.S4Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.H.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.AI.VII.H.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.H.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.AI.VII.H.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.H.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.AI.VII.H.S10Contact the water at the recommended airspeed with a proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.AI.VII.H.S11Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 100 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the projected landing path.AI.VII.H.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AI.VII.H.S13Apply elevator control as necessary to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.AI.VII.H.S14Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task I. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands glassy-water takeoff and climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.I.K1Purpose of and procedures for glassy water takeoff and climb.AI.VII.I.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.I.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.I.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.I.K5Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.AI.VII.I.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.I.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.AI.VII.I.R2Water surface/condition.AI.VII.I.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.I.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.I.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.I.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.I.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.I.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.I.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
AI.VII.I.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.I.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.I.S3Position flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing conditions.AI.VII.I.S4Clear the area, select appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards or vessels and surface conditions.AI.VII.I.S5Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.AI.VII.I.S6Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.AI.VII.I.S7Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.AI.VII.I.S8Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).AI.VII.I.S9Use appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.AI.VII.I.S10Establish proper attitude/airspeed and accelerate to VY ±5 knots during the climb.AI.VII.I.S11Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.AI.VII.I.S12Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.I.S13Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.I.S14Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task J. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands glassy-water approach and landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.J.K1Purpose of and procedures for glassy water approach and landing.AI.VII.J.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.J.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.J.K4When and why glassy water techniques are used.AI.VII.J.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.J.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.AI.VII.J.R2Water surface/condition.AI.VII.J.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.AI.VII.J.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.J.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.J.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.J.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
AI.VII.J.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.J.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.J.S3Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.J.S4Select a proper approach and landing path considering the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards.AI.VII.J.S5Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.J.S6Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, ±5 knots.AI.VII.J.S7Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.AI.VII.J.S8Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.AI.VII.J.S9Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.J.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task K. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands rough water takeoff and climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.K.K1Purpose of and procedures for a rough water takeoff and climb.AI.VII.K.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.AI.VII.K.K3Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.VII.K.K4Appropriate airplane configuration.AI.VII.K.K5Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.AI.VII.K.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.K.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.K.R2Effects of:AI.VII.K.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.K.R2bWindshearAI.VII.K.R2cTailwindAI.VII.K.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.K.R2eWater surface/conditionAI.VII.K.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AI.VII.K.R3aRejected takeoffAI.VII.K.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAI.VII.K.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.K.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.K.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.K.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
AI.VII.K.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.K.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.K.S3Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.AI.VII.K.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AI.VII.K.S5Position flight controls and configure the airplane for the existing conditions.AI.VII.K.S6Clear the area, select an appropriate takeoff path considering wind, swells, surface hazards, or vessels.AI.VII.K.S7Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.AI.VII.K.S8Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.AI.VII.K.S9Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.AI.VII.K.S10Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).AI.VII.K.S11Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY ±5 knots before leaving ground effect.AI.VII.K.S12Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.AI.VII.K.S13Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.K.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AI.VII.K.S15Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task L. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands rough water approach, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.L.K1Purpose of and procedures for rough water approach and landing.AI.VII.L.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.L.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.L.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.L.K5When and why rough water techniques are used.AI.VII.L.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.L.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.L.R2Effects of:AI.VII.L.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.L.R2bWindshearAI.VII.L.R2cTailwindAI.VII.L.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.L.R2eWater surface/conditionAI.VII.L.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.AI.VII.L.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.L.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.L.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.L.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
AI.VII.L.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.L.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.L.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned waterway.AI.VII.L.S4Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.AI.VII.L.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.AI.VII.L.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AI.VII.L.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), ±5 knots with gust factor applied.AI.VII.L.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.VII.L.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.AI.VII.L.S10Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough water.AI.VII.L.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task M. Slip to a Landing (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands a slip to a landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.M.K1Purpose of and procedures for forward or side slip to a landing.AI.VII.M.K2Concepts of energy management during a forward or side slip approach.AI.VII.M.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.AI.VII.M.K4Wind correction techniques during a forward or side slip.AI.VII.M.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.M.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.M.R2Effects of:AI.VII.M.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.M.R2bWindshearAI.VII.M.R2cTailwindAI.VII.M.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.M.R2eLanding surface/conditionAI.VII.M.R3Planning for:AI.VII.M.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAI.VII.M.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)AI.VII.M.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.M.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.M.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.M.R7Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.AI.VII.M.R8Surface contact with the airplane’s longitudinal axis misaligned.AI.VII.M.R9Unstable approach.
AI.VII.M.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.M.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.M.S3Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.AI.VII.M.S4Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.AI.VII.M.S5Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.AI.VII.M.S6Configure the airplane correctly.AI.VII.M.S7As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of slip and transition to sideslip as appropriate before touchdown.AI.VII.M.S8Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.AI.VII.M.S9Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.AI.VII.M.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
To determine the applicant understands go-around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing conditions that may require a go-around, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.N.K1Purpose of and procedures for go-around or rejected landing.AI.VII.N.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.N.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.AI.VII.N.K4Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.AI.VII.N.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.N.R1Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.AI.VII.N.R2Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.AI.VII.N.R3Power application.AI.VII.N.R4Configuring the airplane.AI.VII.N.R5Collision hazards.AI.VII.N.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.N.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.N.R8Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.AI.VII.N.R9Runway incursion.
AI.VII.N.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.N.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.N.S3Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.AI.VII.N.S4Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate ±5 knots.AI.VII.N.S5Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.AI.VII.N.S6Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.AI.VII.N.S7Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AI.VII.N.S8Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.AI.VII.N.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task O. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands a power-off 180° accuracy approach, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.VII.O.K1Purpose of and procedures for proper 180° accuracy approach and landing.AI.VII.O.K2A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.VII.O.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing.AI.VII.O.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.AI.VII.O.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.VII.O.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AI.VII.O.R2Effects of:AI.VII.O.R2aCrosswindAI.VII.O.R2bWindshearAI.VII.O.R2cTailwindAI.VII.O.R2dWake turbulenceAI.VII.O.R2eLanding surface/conditionAI.VII.O.R3Planning for:AI.VII.O.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAI.VII.O.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)AI.VII.O.R4Collision hazards.AI.VII.O.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.VII.O.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.VII.O.R7Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
AI.VII.O.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.VII.O.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AI.VII.O.S3Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.AI.VII.O.S4Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and aircraft limitations.AI.VII.O.S5Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway.AI.VII.O.S6Correctly configure the airplane.AI.VII.O.S7As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.AI.VII.O.S8Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point with no side drift and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline or landing path, as applicable.AI.VII.O.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation VIII. Fundamentals of Flight4 tasks
Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight
To determine the applicant understands straight-and-level flight, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
Task B. Level Turns
To determine the applicant understands level turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
Task C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
To determine the applicant understands straight climbs and climbing turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
Task D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns
To determine the applicant understands straight descents and descending turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
Note: For ASEL or ASES, the evaluator must select at least four Tasks including Task A or B, Task C or D, and Tasks E and F from Area of Operation IX , Performance and Ground Reference Maneuvers. For AMEL or AMES the evaluator must select at least Tasks A and E.
›Area of Operation IX. Performance and Ground Reference Maneuvers6 tasks
Task A. Steep Turns
To determine the applicant understands steep turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.A.K1Purpose of and procedures for steep turn.AI.IX.A.K2Pilot sensations and control forces.AI.IX.A.K3Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:AI.IX.A.K3aMaintaining coordinated flightAI.IX.A.K3bOverbanking tendenciesAI.IX.A.K3cManeuvering speed, including the impact of weight changesAI.IX.A.K3dLoad factor and accelerated stallsAI.IX.A.K3eRate and radius of turnAI.IX.A.K4Common errors related to this Task.
AI.IX.A.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.A.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.A.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.A.R5Uncoordinated flight.
AI.IX.A.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.A.S2Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed maneuvering speed (VA).AI.IX.A.S3Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 50° bank.AI.IX.A.S4Perform the Task in the opposite direction.AI.IX.A.S5Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.AI.IX.A.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Steep Spiral (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands steep spirals, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.B.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.B.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.B.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.B.R5Uncoordinated flight.AI.IX.B.R6Effects of wind.AI.IX.B.R7Airframe or airspeed limitations.
AI.IX.B.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.B.S2Select an altitude sufficient to continue through a series of at least three, 360° turns.AI.IX.B.S3Establish and maintain a steep spiral, not to exceed 60° angle of bank, to maintain a constant radius about a suitable ground reference point.AI.IX.B.S4Apply wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around selected reference point with bank not to exceed 60° a steepest point in turn.AI.IX.B.S5Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.AI.IX.B.S6Maintain the specified airspeed, ±10 knots and roll out toward an object or specified heading, ±10°, and complete the maneuver no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.IX.B.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task C. Chandelles (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands chandelles, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.C.K1Purpose of and procedures for chandelles.AI.IX.C.K2Aerodynamics associated with chandelles, including:AI.IX.C.K2aMaintaining coordinated flightAI.IX.C.K2bOverbanking tendenciesAI.IX.C.K2cManeuvering speed, including the impact of weight changesAI.IX.C.K2dAccelerated stallsAI.IX.C.K3Appropriate airplane configuration for maximum performance climb.AI.IX.C.K4Proper pitch control required for continuously decreasing airspeed.AI.IX.C.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.IX.C.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.C.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.C.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.C.R5Uncoordinated flight.AI.IX.C.R6Energy management.AI.IX.C.R7Rate and radius of turn with confined area operations.
AI.IX.C.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.C.S2Select an altitude that allows the maneuver to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.IX.C.S3Establish the appropriate entry configuration, power, and airspeed.AI.IX.C.S4Establish the angle of bank at approximately 30°.AI.IX.C.S5Simultaneously apply power and pitch to maintain a smooth, coordinated climbing turn, in either direction, to the 90° point, with a constant bank and continuously decreasing airspeed.AI.IX.C.S6Begin a coordinated constant rate rollout from the 90° point to the 180° point maintaining power and a constant pitch attitude.AI.IX.C.S7Complete rollout at the 180° point, ±10° just above a stall airspeed, and maintaining that airspeed momentarily avoiding a stall.AI.IX.C.S8Resume a straight-and-level flight with minimum loss of altitude.AI.IX.C.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Lazy Eights (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands lazy eights, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.D.K1Purpose of and procedures for lazy eights.AI.IX.D.K2Aerodynamics associated with lazy eights, including how to maintain coordinated flight.AI.IX.D.K3Performance and airspeed limitations.AI.IX.D.K4Phases of the lazy eight maneuver from entry to recovery.AI.IX.D.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.IX.D.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.D.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.D.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.D.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.D.R5Uncoordinated flight.AI.IX.D.R6Energy management.AI.IX.D.R7Accelerated stalls.
AI.IX.D.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.D.S2Select an altitude that allows the maneuver to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.IX.D.S3Establish the recommended entry configuration, power, and airspeed.AI.IX.D.S4Maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.AI.IX.D.S5Complete the maneuver in accordance with the following:AI.IX.D.S5aApproximately 30° bank at the steepest pointAI.IX.D.S5bConstant change of pitch and roll rate and airspeedAI.IX.D.S5cAltitude at 180° point, ±100 feet from entry altitudeAI.IX.D.S5dAirspeed at the 180° point, ±10 knots from entry airspeedAI.IX.D.S5eHeading at the 180° point, ±10°AI.IX.D.S6Continue the maneuver through the number of symmetrical loops specified, then resume straight-andlevel flight.AI.IX.D.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task E. Ground Reference Maneuvers
To determine the applicant understands ground reference maneuvers, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.E.K1Purpose of and procedures for ground reference maneuvers.AI.IX.E.K2Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference.AI.IX.E.K3Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn.AI.IX.E.K4Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern.AI.IX.E.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.IX.E.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.E.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.E.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.E.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.E.R5Uncoordinated flight.
AI.IX.E.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.E.S2Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.AI.IX.E.S3Plan the maneuver:AI.IX.E.S3aRectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind legAI.IX.E.S3bS-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference areaAI.IX.E.S3cTurns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference areaAI.IX.E.S4Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.AI.IX.E.S5If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.AI.IX.E.S6Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.AI.IX.E.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.AI.IX.E.S8Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: The evaluator selects at least one ground reference maneuver for the applicant to demonstrate.
Task F. Eights on Pylons (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands eights on pylons, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.IX.F.K1Purpose of and procedures for eights on pylons.AI.IX.F.K2Aerodynamics associated with the eights on pylons, including coordinated and uncoordinated flight.AI.IX.F.K3Pivotal altitude and factors that affect it.AI.IX.F.K4Effect of wind on ground track.AI.IX.F.K5Phases of the eights on pylons maneuver from entry to recovery.AI.IX.F.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.IX.F.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.AI.IX.F.R2Collision hazards.AI.IX.F.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.IX.F.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.IX.F.R5Uncoordinated flight.AI.IX.F.R6Energy management.AI.IX.F.R7Emergency landing considerations.
AI.IX.F.S1Clear the area.AI.IX.F.S2Determine the approximate pivotal altitude.AI.IX.F.S3Select suitable pylons that permits straight-and-level flight between the pylons.AI.IX.F.S4Enter the maneuver in the correct direction and position using an appropriate altitude and airspeed.AI.IX.F.S5Establish the correct bank angle for the conditions, not to exceed 40°.AI.IX.F.S6Apply smooth and continuous corrections so that the line-of-sight reference line remains on the pylon.AI.IX.F.S7Divide attention between accurate, coordinated airplane control and outside visual references.AI.IX.F.S8Maintain pylon position using appropriate pivotal altitude, avoiding slips and skids.AI.IX.F.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: For single-engine, the evaluator must select Task A or B; Task C, D, or E; Task F, G, or H; and Task I. For multiengine the evaluator must select Task A and Task C, D, or E.
›Area of Operation X. Slow flight, Stalls, and Spins9 tasks
Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight
To determine the applicant understands maneuvering during slow flight in cruise configuration, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.A.K1Purpose of and procedures for proper slow flight.AI.X.A.K2Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.AI.X.A.K3Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.A.R1Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.AI.X.A.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.A.R3Uncoordinated flight.AI.X.A.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and highdensity altitude).AI.X.A.R5Collision hazards.AI.X.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.A.S1Clear the area.AI.X.A.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).AI.X.A.S3Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.A.S4Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.A.S5Maintain the specified altitude, ±50 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +5/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±5°.AI.X.A.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Demonstration of Flight Characteristics at Various Configurations and Airspeeds (ASEL and ASES)
To determine the applicant understands flight characteristics and power required at different airspeeds and configurations appropriate to the make and model of airplane flown, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.B.K1Purpose of and procedures for demonstration of flight characteristics at various configurations and airspeeds.AI.X.B.K2Power required at various airspeeds between cruise airspeed and critically slow airspeeds near the critical angle of attack.AI.X.B.K3The minimum power required speed and its role in differentiating the region of normal command and the region of reversed command on the power-required curve.AI.X.B.K4The relationships between lift, drag, angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power required, weight, center of gravity, attitude, yaw effects, controllability, and stalls and spins.AI.X.B.K5Pitch, power, and trim control inputs that are required to operate the airplane in level flight, turns, climbs, and descents and how the control inputs change at various airspeeds between cruise airspeed and critically slow airspeeds.AI.X.B.K6Flight characteristics and aerodynamics associated with configuration changes applicable to the specific to the make and model of airplane provided for the practical test.AI.X.B.K7Airspeeds specific to the airplane for various operations, how to identify them on the airspeed indicator (if applicable), and their significance in airplane performance, including:AI.X.B.K7aDesign/operating maneuvering speedAI.X.B.K7bLanding gear extended/operating speed, if applicableAI.X.B.K7cFlaps extended/operating speed, if applicableAI.X.B.K7dBest glide speedAI.X.B.K7eReference landing speedAI.X.B.K7fStalling speedsAI.X.B.K8Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.B.R1Lack of familiarity with airplane airspeed limitations and interpretation of the airspeed indicator.AI.X.B.R2Exceeding airspeed limitations.AI.X.B.R3Flight characteristics in the region of reversed command and the potential for loss of control.AI.X.B.R4Inadvertent exceedance of the critical angle of attack.AI.X.B.R5Range, limitations, and operational characteristics of airspeed indicators and stall warning indicators (e.g., airplane buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.B.R6Unacknowledged stall warning indications.AI.X.B.R7Effects of environmental elements on airplane performance and controllability. (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high density altitude).AI.X.B.R8Collision hazards.AI.X.B.R9Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds.
AI.X.B.S1Conduct and explain the procedure, manage the associated risk, and fly the airplane, while maintaining altitude ±100 feet, airspeed +5/-0 knots, heading ±10°, and specified bank angle ±5°, as appropriate.AI.X.B.S2Select an altitude that allows the maneuver to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.X.B.S3Clear the area.AI.X.B.S4Clean configuration demonstration:AI.X.B.S4aEstablish and maintain design/operating maneuvering speed appropriate to the airplane’s weight while describing pitch, power, and trim inputs to maintain altitude and airspeed, then;AI.X.B.S4bWith gear and flaps retracted (as applicable), slow the airplane to, and maintain, best glide speed (or as specified by evaluator), noting the power setting required, then;AI.X.B.S4cContinue to slow the airplane to, and maintain, an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power would result in an immediate stall, and maintain that airspeed in level flight, noting the airspeed and power setting required, while;AI.X.B.S4dVerbally acknowledging stall warning indications, then;AI.X.B.S4eWithout changing power setting, lower the pitch attitude and accelerate to a faster airspeed until reestablishing the airplane in level flight, noting the new airspeed and amount of altitude lost, then;AI.X.B.S4fReturn to normal cruise flight at the altitude and heading specified by the evaluatorAI.X.B.S5Landing configuration demonstration.AI.X.B.S5aEstablish and maintain design/operating maneuvering speed appropriate to the airplane’s weight while describing pitch, power, and trim inputs to maintain altitude and airspeed, then;AI.X.B.S5bSlow the airplane to, and maintain, the appropriate limiting airspeeds and fully extend the landing gear and flaps (as appropriate), then;AI.X.B.S5cWith gear and flaps fully extended (as applicable), slow the airplane to, and maintain, reference landing speed (or as specified by the evaluator), noting the power setting required, then;AI.X.B.S5dWith gear and flaps fully extended, continue to slow the airplane to, and maintain, an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power would result in an immediate stall, and maintain that airspeed in level flight, noting the airspeed and power setting required, while;AI.X.B.S5eVerbally acknowledging stall warning indications, then;AI.X.B.S5fWithout changing power setting, lower the pitch attitude and accelerate to a faster airspeed until reestablishing the airplane in in level flight, noting the new airspeed and amount of altitude lost, then;AI.X.B.S5gReturn to normal cruise flight at the altitude and heading specified by the evaluatorAI.X.B.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Power-Off Stalls
To determine the applicant understands power-off stalls, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.C.K1Purpose of and procedures for power-off stalls.AI.X.C.K2Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.AI.X.C.K3Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.AI.X.C.K4Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.AI.X.C.K5Fundamentals of stall recovery.AI.X.C.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.C.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.AI.X.C.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.C.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.AI.X.C.R4Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.C.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.AI.X.C.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.C.R7Collision hazards.AI.X.C.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.C.S1Clear the area.AI.X.C.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).AI.X.C.S3Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.AI.X.C.S4Establish a stabilized descent.AI.X.C.S5Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.AI.X.C.S6Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±5° if in turning flight, until an impending or full stall occurs, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.C.S7Acknowledge the cues at the first indication of a stall (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.C.S8Recover at the first indication of a stall or after a full stall has occurred, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.C.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.X.C.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.AI.X.C.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Power-On Stalls
To determine the applicant understands power-on stalls, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.D.K1Purpose of and procedures for power-on stalls.AI.X.D.K2Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.AI.X.D.K3Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.AI.X.D.K4Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.AI.X.D.K5Fundamentals of stall recovery.AI.X.D.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.D.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.AI.X.D.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.D.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.AI.X.D.R4Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.D.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.AI.X.D.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.D.R7Collision hazards.AI.X.D.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.D.S1Clear the area.AI.X.D.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).AI.X.D.S3Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.AI.X.D.S4Set power to no less than 65 percent power.AI.X.D.S5Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.AI.X.D.S6Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, until an impending or full stall is reached, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.D.S7Acknowledge the cues at the first indication of a stall (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.D.S8Recover at the first indication of a stall or after a full stall has occurred, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.D.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.X.D.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.AI.X.D.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Accelerated Stalls
To determine the applicant understands accelerated stalls (power-on and power-off), can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.E.K1Purpose of and procedures for accelerated stalls.AI.X.E.K2Aerodynamics associated with accelerated stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.AI.X.E.K3Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.AI.X.E.K4Factors leading to an accelerated stall and preventive actions.AI.X.E.K5Fundamentals of stall recovery.AI.X.E.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.E.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent accelerated stall, spin, and loss of control.AI.X.E.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.E.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.AI.X.E.R4Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.E.R5Secondary stalls, cross-control stalls, and spins.AI.X.E.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to accelerated stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.E.R7Collision hazards.AI.X.E.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.E.S1Clear the area.AI.X.E.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.X.E.S3Establish the configuration as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.E.S4Set power appropriate for the configuration, such that the airspeed does not exceed the maneuvering speed (VA) or any other applicable Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) limitation.AI.X.E.S5Establish and maintain a coordinated turn in a 45° bank, increasing elevator back pressure smoothly and firmly until an impending stall is reached.AI.X.E.S6Acknowledge the cues at the first indication of a stall (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.E.S7Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).AI.X.E.S8Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).AI.X.E.S9Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.AI.X.E.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Cross-Controlled Stall Demonstration (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands cross-controlled stalls, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.F.K1Aerodynamics of cross-controlled stalls.AI.X.F.K2Flight situations where unintentional cross-controlled stalls may occur.AI.X.F.K3Recognition of cross-controlled stalls.AI.X.F.K4Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.AI.X.F.K5Recovery procedure.AI.X.F.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.F.R1Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.F.R2Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to cross-controlled stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.F.R3Collision hazards.AI.X.F.R4Aircraft limitations.AI.X.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.F.S1Clear the area.AI.X.F.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.X.F.S3Configure the airplane (with gear down) and close the throttle.AI.X.F.S4Establish a normal glide airspeed and trim the airplane.AI.X.F.S5Roll into a medium-banked turn, apply excess rudder in the turn while holding bank constant with opposite aileron input, and add elevator pressure to keep the nose from lowering.AI.X.F.S6Acknowledge the cues at the first indication of a stall (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.F.S7Recover at the first indication of a stall or after a full stall has occurred, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.F.S8Describe and demonstrate conditions that lead to a cross-controlled stall for future avoidance.AI.X.F.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Elevator Trim Stall Demonstration (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands elevator trim stalls, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.G.R1Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.G.R2Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to cross-controlled stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.G.R3Collision hazards.AI.X.G.R4Aircraft limitations.AI.X.G.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.G.S1Clear the area.AI.X.G.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.X.G.S3Retard the throttle and configure the airplane for landing.AI.X.G.S4Establish a normal glide airspeed and trim the airplane.AI.X.G.S5Advance the throttle to the maximum allowable power as in a go-around.AI.X.G.S6Acknowledge the cues at the first indication of a stall (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.G.S7Recover at the first indication of a stall or after a full stall has occurred, as specified by the evaluator.AI.X.G.S8Adjust trim and return to the desired flightpath.AI.X.G.S9Describe and demonstrate conditions that lead to an elevator trim stall for future avoidance.AI.X.G.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task H. Secondary Stall Demonstration (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands secondary stalls, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.H.R1Stall recovery procedure.AI.X.H.R2Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to cross-controlled stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.H.R3Collision hazards.AI.X.H.R4Aircraft limitations.AI.X.H.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.X.H.S1Clear the area.AI.X.H.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AI.X.H.S3Enter a stall in a specified configuration and exceed the critical angle of attach a second time during the recovery.AI.X.H.S4Recover promptly and appropriately after a secondary stall occurs.AI.X.H.S5Describe and demonstrate conditions that lead to a secondary stall for future avoidance.AI.X.H.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task I. Spin Awareness and Spins
To determine the applicant understands spins, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.X.I.K1Purpose of and procedures for spin awareness and spins.AI.X.I.K2Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.AI.X.I.K3What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.AI.X.I.K4Spin recovery procedure.AI.X.I.K5Human factors associated with spin instruction.AI.X.I.K6How to determine if an airplane approved for the spin maneuver based on airworthiness category and type certificate.AI.X.I.K7Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.AI.X.I.K8Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude for intentional spins.AI.X.I.K9Control procedure to maintain a stabilized spin.AI.X.I.K10Recognize conditions that lead to a spin for future avoidance.AI.X.I.K11Orientation during a spin, including which instrument(s) are reliable for determining the directions of spin.AI.X.I.K12Recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude for intentional spins.AI.X.I.K13Common errors related to this Task.
AI.X.I.R1Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.AI.X.I.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AI.X.I.R3Spin recovery procedure.AI.X.I.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).AI.X.I.R5Collision hazards.AI.X.I.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Note: At the discretion of the evaluator, a logbook record attesting applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this Task. The flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction must certify the logbook record. See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation XI. Basic Instrument Maneuvers5 tasks
Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.XI.A.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.AI.XI.A.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.AI.XI.A.R3Collision hazards.AI.XI.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XI.A.R5Fixation and omission.AI.XI.A.R6Instrument Interpretation.AI.XI.A.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AI.XI.A.R8Trimming the aircraft.
Task B. Constant Airspeed Climbs
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.XI.B.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.AI.XI.B.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.AI.XI.B.R3Collision hazards.AI.XI.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XI.B.R5Fixation and omission.AI.XI.B.R6Instrument Interpretation.AI.XI.B.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AI.XI.B.R8Trimming the aircraft.
AI.XI.B.S1Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.AI.XI.B.S2Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.AI.XI.B.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±100 feet, heading ±10°, and airspeed ±10 knots.AI.XI.B.S4Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task C. Constant Airspeed Descents
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed descents, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.XI.C.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.AI.XI.C.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.AI.XI.C.R3Collision hazards.AI.XI.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XI.C.R5Fixation and omission.AI.XI.C.R6Instrument Interpretation.AI.XI.C.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AI.XI.C.R8Trimming the aircraft.
AI.XI.C.S1Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.AI.XI.C.S2Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.AI.XI.C.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±100 feet, heading ±10°, and airspeed ±10 knots.AI.XI.C.S4Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Turns to Headings
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying during turns to headings, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.XI.D.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.AI.XI.D.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.AI.XI.D.R3Collision hazards.AI.XI.D.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XI.D.R5Fixation and omission.AI.XI.D.R6Instrument Interpretation.AI.XI.D.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AI.XI.D.R8Trimming the aircraft.
Task E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM
AI.XI.E.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.AI.XI.E.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.AI.XI.E.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).AI.XI.E.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.AI.XI.E.K5Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XI.E.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).AI.XI.E.R2Assessment of the unusual attitude.AI.XI.E.R3Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.AI.XI.E.R4Collision hazards.AI.XI.E.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XI.E.R6Interpreting flight instruments.AI.XI.E.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AI.XI.E.R8Operating envelope considerations.
AI.XI.E.S1Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.AI.XI.E.S2Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AI.XI.E.S3Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: For ASEL or ASES, the evaluator must select at least Tasks B and C. For AMEL or AMES, the evaluator must select Tasks E or F; Task G; and at least one other Task.
›Area of Operation XII. Emergency Operations7 tasks
Task A. Emergency Descent
To determine the applicant understands emergency descent, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XII.A.K1Purpose of and procedures for emergency descent.AI.XII.A.K2Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire).AI.XII.A.K3Immediate action items and emergency procedures.AI.XII.A.K4Aircraft performance and limitations.AI.XII.A.K5Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.AI.XII.A.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XII.A.S1Clear the area.AI.XII.A.S2Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.AI.XII.A.S3Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.AI.XII.A.S4Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.AI.XII.A.S5Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.AI.XII.A.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XII.A.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant understands power failure at altitude and associated emergency approach and landing procedures, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XII.B.K1Immediate action items and emergency procedures.AI.XII.B.K2Airspeed, including:AI.XII.B.K2aImportance of best glide speed and its relationship to distanceAI.XII.B.K2bDifference between best glide speed and minimum sink speedAI.XII.B.K2cEffects of wind on glide distanceAI.XII.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.AI.XII.B.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.AI.XII.B.K5Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.AI.XII.B.K6Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.AI.XII.B.K7Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XII.B.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.AI.XII.B.R2Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.AI.XII.B.R3Collision hazards.AI.XII.B.R4Configuring the airplane.AI.XII.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.XII.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.XII.B.S1Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.AI.XII.B.S2Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.AI.XII.B.S3Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.AI.XII.B.S4Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.AI.XII.B.S5Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.AI.XII.B.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XII.B.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
To determine the applicant understands system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the aircraft provided for the practical test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XII.C.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).AI.XII.C.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:AI.XII.C.K2aElectrical malfunctionAI.XII.C.K2bVacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctionsAI.XII.C.K2cPitot-static system malfunctionAI.XII.C.K2dElectronic flight deck display malfunctionAI.XII.C.K2eLanding gear or flap malfunctionAI.XII.C.K2fInoperative trimAI.XII.C.K3Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.AI.XII.C.K4Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).AI.XII.C.K5Inadvertent door or window opening.AI.XII.C.K6Common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
To determine the applicant understands emergency equipment and survival gear, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XII.D.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.AI.XII.D.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.AI.XII.D.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:AI.XII.D.K3aClimate extremes (hot/cold)AI.XII.D.K3bMountainous terrainAI.XII.D.K3cOverwater operationsAI.XII.D.K4When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.AI.XII.D.K5When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.AI.XII.D.K6Common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands engine failure during takeoff, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands engine failure after liftoff, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.XII.F.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).AI.XII.F.K2VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).AI.XII.F.K3Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances.AI.XII.F.K4How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.AI.XII.F.K5Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.AI.XII.F.K6Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator’s zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities.AI.XII.F.K7Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XII.F.R1Potential engine failure after lift-off.AI.XII.F.R2Collision hazards.AI.XII.F.R3Configuring the airplane.AI.XII.F.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.XII.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.XII.F.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure, maintain control, and use appropriate emergency procedures.AI.XII.F.S2Establish VYSE; if obstructions are present, establish best single-engine angle of climb speed (VXSE) or VMC +5 knots, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared. Then transition to VYSE.AI.XII.F.S3Reduce drag by retracting landing gear and flaps in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance.AI.XII.F.S4Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).AI.XII.F.S5Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.AI.XII.F.S6Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.AI.XII.F.S7Recognize the airplane’s performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintain VYSE and return to the departure airport for landing, or initiate an approach to the most suitable landing area available.AI.XII.F.S8Simulate securing the inoperative engine.AI.XII.F.S9Maintain heading ±10° and airspeed ±5 knots.AI.XII.F.S10Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XII.F.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)(AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands approach and landing with an inoperative engine, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.XII.G.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).AI.XII.G.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).AI.XII.G.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.AI.XII.G.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.AI.XII.G.K5Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering.AI.XII.G.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XII.G.R1Potential engine failure after in flight or during an approach.AI.XII.G.R2Collision hazards.AI.XII.G.R3Configuring the airplane.AI.XII.G.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.XII.G.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AI.XII.G.R6Possible single-engine go-around.
AI.XII.G.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.AI.XII.G.S2Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).AI.XII.G.S3Follow the manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.AI.XII.G.S4Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.AI.XII.G.S5Maintain the manufacturer's recommended approach airspeed ±5 knots in the landing configuration with a stabilized approach, until landing is assured.AI.XII.G.S6Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.AI.XII.G.S7Touch down on the first one-third of available runway/landing surface, with no drift, and the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center or landing path.AI.XII.G.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AI.XII.G.S9Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XII.G.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must assess all Tasks.
›Area of Operation XIII. Multiengine Operations3 tasks
Task A. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands one engine inoperative, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.XIII.A.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).AI.XIII.A.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).AI.XIII.A.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.AI.XIII.A.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.AI.XIII.A.K5Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting.AI.XIII.A.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XIII.A.R1Potential engine failure during flight.AI.XIII.A.R2Collision hazards.AI.XIII.A.R3Configuring the airplane.AI.XIII.A.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AI.XIII.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AI.XIII.A.S1Recognize an engine failure, maintain control, use manufacturer’s memory item procedures, and use appropriate emergency procedures.AI.XIII.A.S2Set the engine controls, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and feather the appropriate propeller.AI.XIII.A.S3Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.AI.XIII.A.S4Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.AI.XIII.A.S5Secure the inoperative engine and monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments.AI.XIII.A.S6Restart the inoperative engine using manufacturer’s restart procedures.AI.XIII.A.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected headings ±10°.AI.XIII.A.S8Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XIII.A.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task B. VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands VMC demonstration, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.XIII.B.K1Purpose of the maneuver.AI.XIII.B.K2Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery.AI.XIII.B.K3Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS).AI.XIII.B.K4VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).AI.XIII.B.K5Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC.AI.XIII.B.K6Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XIII.B.S1Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, in the absence of the manufacturer’s recommendations, then at safe single-engine speed (VSSE/VYSE), as appropriate, and:AI.XIII.B.S1aLanding gear retractedAI.XIII.B.S1bFlaps set for takeoffAI.XIII.B.S1cCowl flaps set for takeoffAI.XIII.B.S1dTrim set for takeoffAI.XIII.B.S1ePropellers set for high revolutions per minute (rpm)AI.XIII.B.S1fPower on critical engine reduced to idle and propeller windmillingAI.XIII.B.S1gPower on operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available powerAI.XIII.B.S2Establish a single-engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.AI.XIII.B.S3Establish a bank angle not to exceed 5° toward the operating engine, as required for best performance and controllability.AI.XIII.B.S4Increase the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed at approximately 1 knot per second while applying increased rudder pressure as needed to maintain directional control.AI.XIII.B.S5Recognize and recover at the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet.AI.XIII.B.S6Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine, decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control, and without adding power on the simulated failed engine.AI.XIII.B.S7Recover within 20° of entry heading.AI.XIII.B.S8Advance power smoothly on the operating engine and accelerate to VSSE/VYSE, as appropriate, ±5 knots during recovery.AI.XIII.B.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Demonstration of Effects of Various Airspeeds and Configurations during Engine Inoperative Performance (AMEL and AMES)
To determine the applicant understands the effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
AI.XIII.C.K1Purpose for and elements of demonstration of effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance.AI.XIII.C.K2Selection of appropriate altitude for the demonstration.AI.XIII.C.K3Proper entry procedure to include pitch attitude, bank attitude, and airspeed.AI.XIII.C.K4Effects on performance of airspeed changes at, above, and below VYSE.AI.XIII.C.K5Effects on performance of various configurations including:AI.XIII.C.K5aLanding gear extendedAI.XIII.C.K5bWing flaps extendedAI.XIII.C.K5cLanding gear and wing flaps extendedAI.XIII.C.K5dWindmilling propeller on the inoperative engineAI.XIII.C.K6Airspeed control throughout the demonstration.AI.XIII.C.K7Smooth control technique and coordination throughout the demonstration.AI.XIII.C.K8Common errors related to this Task.
AI.XIII.C.S1Demonstrate, describe, and explain effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance.AI.XIII.C.S2Demonstrate smooth control inputs when transitioning between various airspeeds and configurations, which include:AI.XIII.C.S2aLanding gear extendedAI.XIII.C.S2bWing flaps extendedAI.XIII.C.S2cLanding gear and wing flaps extendedAI.XIII.C.S2dWindmilling propeller on the inoperative engineAI.XIII.C.S3Maintain appropriate airspeed, attitude, and altitude combinations for the various configurations.AI.XIII.C.S4Return to normal cruise flight at the altitude and heading specified by the evaluator.AI.XIII.C.S5Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must select Task A (ASEL, AMEL) or Task B (ASES, AMES).
›Area of Operation XIV. Postflight Procedures2 tasks
Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant understands after landing, parking, and securing procedures, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XIV.A.S1Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.AI.XIV.A.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XIV.A.S3Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.AI.XIV.A.S4Secure the airplane.AI.XIV.A.S5Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant understands anchoring, docking, mooring, and ramping/beaching, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
AI.XIV.B.S1If anchoring, select a suitable area considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane’s security.AI.XIV.B.S2If not anchoring, approach the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.AI.XIV.B.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AI.XIV.B.S4Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.AI.XIV.B.S5Secure the seaplane considering the effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level, or comply with applicable after landing, parking, and securing procedures if operating an amphibious airplane on land.AI.XIV.B.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: s to emphasize special considerations. During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency, and operational skill in accordance with the ACS. The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example, FI.I.C.K2: FI = Applicable ACS I = Area of Operation C = Task K2 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 2) There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be tested from each applicable Task include: • any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable; • at least one knowledge element; • at least one risk management element; and • all skill elements unless otherwise noted. The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test. When administering a test, the Tasks appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, AMEL, or AMES) used for the test must be included in the plan of action. The FAA encourages applicants and instructors to use the ACS when preparing for the airman knowledge tests and practical tests. Evaluators must conduct the practical test in accordance with the current ACS and FAA regulations pursuant to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43. If an applicant is entitled to credit for Areas of Operation previously passed as indicated on a Notice of Disapproval of Application or Letter of Discontinuance, evaluators shall use the ACS currently in effect on the date of the test. The ground portion of the practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance to the flight portion of the practical test. The applicant must pass the ground portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. Instructor Responsibilities The instructor trains and qualifies the applicant to meet the established standards for knowledge, risk management, and skill elements in all Tasks appropriate to the certificate and rating sought. The instructor should use this ACS and its references when preparing the applicant to take the practical test and when retraining the applicant to proficiency in any subject(s) missed on the knowledge test. Evaluator Responsibilities An evaluator includes the following: • Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI); • Pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners); • Training center evaluator (TCE); • Chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check instructor of pilot school holding examining authority; or • Instrument Flight Instructor (CFII) conducting an instrument proficiency check (IPC). The evaluator who conducts the practical test verifies the applicant has met the aeronautical experience requirements specified for a certificate or rating before administering the test. During the practical test, the evaluator determines whether the applicant meets the established standards of aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skills for the Tasks in the appropriate ACS. The evaluator must develop a plan of action (POA) that includes all required Areas of Operation and Tasks and administer each practical test in English. The POA must include scenario(s) that evaluate as many of the required Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As a scenario unfolds during the test, the evaluator will introduce problems and simulate emergencies Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes that test the applicant’s ability. The evaluator has the discretion to modify the POA to accommodate unexpected situations as they arise or suspend and later resume a scenario to assess certain Tasks. Prior to and throughout the evaluation, the evaluator ensures the applicant meets the FAA Aviation English Language Standard (AELS). An applicant must be able to communicate in English in a discernible and understandable manner with air traffic control (ATC), pilots, and others involved in preparing an aircraft for flight and operating an aircraft in flight. This communication may or may not involve radio communications. An applicant for an FAA certificate or rating issued in accordance with 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, or 107 who cannot hear or speak due to a medical deficiency may be eligible for an FAA certificate with specific operational limitations. If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question before starting the practical test, the evaluator will not begin the practical test. An evaluator other than an ASI will check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination,” located on the bottom of page 2 of the applicant’s FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/ or Rating Application, or FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application - Sport Pilot, as applicable. The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate Flight Standards Office (FSO). If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question after the practical test begins, an evaluator who other than an ASI will discontinue the practical test and check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination,” on the application. The evaluator will also issue FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval of Application, with the comment “Does Not Demonstrate FAA AELS” in addition to any unsatisfactory Task(s). The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate FSO. ASIs conducting the practical test may assess an applicant’s English language proficiency in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1. In either case, the evaluator must complete and submit the application file through normal application procedures and evaluators other than an ASI notify the appropriate FSO of the referral. If the ability of an FAA certificated airman comes into question prior to or during a required regulatory check (e.g., proficiency check) the evaluator other than an ASI will not continue the check or provide an endorsement indicating completion. The evaluator will refer the airman to the jurisdictional FAA field office for further determination of ability to meet the FAA AELS. For additional information, reference AC 60-28, FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate issued under 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107, as amended. The abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately following a Task refers to the category and/or class airplane appropriate to that Task. The absence of a class indicates the Task is for all classes. The meaning of each abbreviation is as follows: • ASEL—Airplane – Single-Engine Land • ASES—Airplane – Single-Engine Sea • AMEL—Airplane – Multiengine Land • AMES—Airplane – Multiengine Sea The evaluator conducting the practical test must determine that the applicant meets acceptable standards of teaching ability in the selected Tasks. The evaluator makes this determination by confirming the applicant’s: • Ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing; • Knowledge of and ability to teach the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers covered in the Tasks; • Ability to perform the Tasks at the level of a commercial pilot while giving effective flight instruction; and • Ability to analyze and correct common errors related to the procedures and maneuvers covered in the Tasks. During the flight portion of the practical test, the evaluator may act as a student during selected maneuvers. This gives the evaluator an opportunity to evaluate the flight instructor applicant’s ability to analyze and correct simulated common errors related to these maneuvers. Possible Outcomes of the Test A practical test has three possible outcomes: (1) Temporary Airman Certificate (satisfactory), (2) Notice of Disapproval of Application (unsatisfactory), or (3) Letter of Discontinuance. If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator must require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory Task is permitted during the practical test. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Satisfactory Performance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, for satisfactory performance requirements. Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate. Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant fails the Task and associated Area of Operation and the evaluator issues a Notice of Disapproval of Application. The evaluator lists the Area(s) of Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard, any Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures. The evaluator should also list the Tasks failed or Tasks not tested within any unsatisfactory or partially completed Area(s) of Operation. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters. Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include: • Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe flight. • Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers. • Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the skill elements of the Task. • Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. • Failure to exercise risk management. • Failure to provide effective instruction while demonstrating a procedure or maneuver. The evaluator or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The evaluator may continue the test only with the consent of the applicant. The applicant receives credit only for those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Letter of Discontinuance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(e)(2) for conditions to issue a letter of discontinuance. If discontinuing a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator must return all test paperwork to the applicant. The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation the applicant successfully completed and the time period remaining to complete the test to receive credit for previously completed Areas of Operation. The evaluator should advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance becomes part of the applicant's certification file. Time Limit and Credit after a Discontinued Practical Test Refer to 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(f) and 61.43(f) after issuance of a Letter of Discontinuance or Notice of Disapproval of Application. Additional Rating Task Table For an applicant who holds a Flight Instructor Certificate and seeks an additional Airplane category and/or class rating at the Flight Instructor level, the evaluator must evaluate that applicant in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. The evaluator may evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at the flight instructor level, and the ratings table indicates different Task requirements, the least restrictive entry applies. For example, if an asterisk (*) and “None” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “None” entry applies. If the table indicates “B” and “B, C” the “B” entry applies. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Rating to an Existing Flight Instructor Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend AME Airplane – Multiengine RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift IA Instrument Rating – Airplane IH Instrument Rating – Helicopter IP Instrument Rating – Powered-Lift Flight Instructor Certificate and Rating(s) Held Area of AME RH RG PL Glider IA IH IP Operation I None None None None None None None None II C,K * * * * * * * III None B B B B * * * IV None None None None None None None None V None * * * * * * * VI None * None None * * * * VII * * * * * * * * VIII None * * None * * * * B and F, B and F, IX * * * * * * C or D C or D X * * * * * * * * XI None * * None * None * None XII * * * * * * * * XIII None None None None None None None None XIV None * * * * * * * An asterisk directs the evaluator to refer to the Note under the respective Area of Operation for Task requirements. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Rating to an Existing Flight Instructor Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASE Airplane – Single-Engine RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift IA Instrument Rating – Airplane IH Instrument Rating – Helicopter IP Instrument Rating – Powered-Lift Flight Instructor Certificate and Rating(s) Held Area of ASE RH RG PL Glider IA IH IP Operation I None None None None None None None None II C,K,P * * * * * * * III None B B B B * * * IV None None None None None None None None V * * * * * * * * VI None * None None * * * * VII * * * * * * * * VIII None * * None * * * * IX A * * A * * * * X * * * * * * * * XI None * * None * None * None XII * * * * * * * * XIII * * * * * * * * XIV None * * * * * * * An asterisk directs the evaluator to refer to the Note under the respective Area of Operation for Task requirements. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Flight Instructor Renewal/Reinstatement In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.199(a), the renewal or reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the certificate. Required Area of Operation Airplane Single-Engine Airplane Multiengine I ** ** II C,K, and 1 other Task C,K,P, and 1 other Task III 1 Task 1 Task IV 1 Task 1 Task V 1 Task 1 Task VI None None 2 Takeoffs 2 Takeoffs VII 2 Landings 2 Landings VIII None None Ground Reference - 1 Task Ground Reference - 1 Task IX Performance - 1 Task Performance - 1 Task X 2 Tasks 1 Task XI None None XII 1 Task 2 Tasks XIII None 1 Task XIV 1 Task 1 Task A double asterisk directs the evaluator to consider the period of inactivity. The evaluator may test FOI Tasks for any reinstatement. Appendix 2: Safety of Flight Appendix 2: Safety of Flight General Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test. Stall and Spin Awareness During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always recognize and avoid operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin and inadvertent loss of control. Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action “memory” items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit. In a single-pilot aircraft, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots: • When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” • The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” • The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange. Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is flying the aircraft should not occur. Use of Distractions Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck. Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource