AI.VII.G.R2e
Risk managementEffects of:
Water surface/condition
From the FAA library
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Runway Surface and Gradient
Runway Surface and Gradient Runway conditions affect takeoff and landing performance. Typically, performance chart information assumes paved, level, smooth, and dry runway surfaces. Since no two runways are alike, the runway surface differs from one runway to another, as does ... runway gradient or slope. [Figure 11-15] Runway surfaces vary widely from one airport to another. The runway surface encountered may be concrete, asphalt, gravel, dirt, or grass. The runway surface for a specific airport is noted in the Chart…
- SKIPPING
right side of the seaplane. Density altitude is particularly important in seaplane flying. High, hot, and humid conditions reduce engine power and propeller efficiency, and the seaplane must also attain a higher water speed in order to generate the lift ... required for takeoff. This increase in water speed means overcoming additional water drag. All of these factors combine to increase takeoff distances and decrease climb performance. In high density altitude conditions, consider not only the length of the water…
- SKIPPING › GLASSY WATER TAKEOFFS
When using this technique, be careful not to lift the wing so much that the opposite wing contacts the water. Obviously, this would have serious consequences. Once the seaplane lifts off, establish a positive rate of climb to prevent inadvertently ... flying back into the water. Another technique that aids glassy water takeoffs entails roughening the surface a little. By taxiing around in a circle, the wake of the seaplane spreads and reflects from shorelines, creating a slightly rougher surface that…
- Chapter 3. Airspace › Section 2. Controlled Airspace › 3-2-6. Class E Airspace
Pilots should refer to the airport page in the applicable Chart Supplement for surface area status information. 2. Extension to a surface area. Class E airspace may be designated as extensions to Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class ... surface areas. Class E airspace extensions begin at the surface and extend up to the overlying controlled airspace. The extensions provide controlled airspace to contain standard instrument approach procedures without imposing a communications requirement on pilots operating under VFR. Surface…
- SKIPPING › ROUGH WATER TAKEOFFS
seaplane. This creates dangerous pitching motions, and takeoff should not be attempted in this situation. With respect to water roughness, consider the effect of a strong water current flowing against the wind. If the current is moving at 10 knots ... wind is blowing the opposite direction at 15 knots, the relative velocity between the water and the wind is 25 knots, and the waves will be as high as those produced in still water by a wind of 25 knots…
- Chapter 3: Mathematics in Aviation Maintenance › Computing Surface Area of Three-Dimensional Solids › Cone
Rectangular Solid The formula for the surface area of a rectangular solid [Figure 3-24] is given as: Surface area = 2 × [(width × length) + (width × height) + (length × height)] = 2 × [(w × l) + (w × h) + (l × h)] Cube The formula for the surface ... area of a cube [Figure 3-25] is given as: Surface area = 6 × (side × side) = 6 × s2 Example: What is the surface area of a cube with a side measure of 8 inches? Surface area = 6 × (side × side…