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  • Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Straight-and-Level Flight › Common Errors

    horizon and the terms “decreasing the pitch attitude” or “decrease pitch attitude” means lowering the nose in relation to the natural horizon. The pilot’s primary reference is the natural horizon. For all practical purposes, the airplane’s airspeed remains ... such as spoilers. Exposure to the effect of the various configurations should be covered in any specific airplane checkout. Common Errors A common error of a beginner pilot is attempting to hold the wings level by only observing the airplane…

  • Chapter 4: Energy Management: Mastering Altitude and Airspeed Control › Review of Terms and Definitions › Energy Distribution Error

    Energy Error An altitude and/or airspeed deviation from an intended target expressed in terms of energy. Depending on the airplane’s total amount of energy and its distribution between altitude and airspeed, energy errors are classified as total energy errors ... energy distribution errors, or a combination of both errors. Total Energy Error An energy error where the total amount of mechanical energy is not correct. The airplane has too much or too little total energy relative to the intended altitude…

  • Chapter 3: The Learning Process › Kinds of Errors › Slip

    Errors Errors are a natural part of human performance. Beginners, as well as the most highly skilled experts, are vulnerable to error, and this is perhaps the most important thing to understand about error. To believe people can eliminate errors ... from their performance is to commit the biggest error of all. Instructors and learners alike should be prepared for occasional errors by learning about common kinds of errors, how errors can be minimized, how to learn from errors…

  • Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Instrument Check › Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

    type. • Indicated airspeed (IAS)—the direct instrument reading obtained from the ASI, uncorrected for variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or instrument error. Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis for determining aircraft performance. Takeoff, landing, and stall speeds listed ... normally vary with altitude or temperature. Figure 8-7. Airspeed indicator (ASI). Calibrated airspeed (CAS)—IAS corrected for installation error and instrument error. Although manufacturers attempt to keep airspeed errors to a minimum, it is not possible to eliminate…

  • Chapter 1: Risk Management and Single-Pilot Resource Management › Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM) › Task Management

    task is a function performed by a human, as opposed to one performed by a machine (e.g., setting the target heading in the autopilot). The flight deck is an environment in which important tasks compete for pilot attention ... given time. TM determines which tasks the pilot(s) should attend to. TM entails initiation of new tasks; monitoring of ongoing tasks to determine their status; prioritization of tasks based on their importance, status, urgency, and other factors; allocation…

  • Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Causes of Errors › Insufficient Training & Experience

    Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management Introduction Threats What is an Error? Causes of Errors Insufficient Training & Experience Introduction Pilots use risk management as described in earlier chapters to analyze the likelihood and potential severity of an incident or accident ... encounter unforeseen hazards or threats. In addition, a pilot may respond inappropriately to a given condition, thus making an error. This chapter provides strategies pilots may use once flight begins. Threats Threats have the following characteristics: • Threats occur outside…