AI.VII.G.K5
KnowledgeEffects of water surface.
From the FAA library
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Water on the Runway and Dynamic Hydroplaning
completely lost when the tires are hydroplaning because a layer of water separates the tires from the runway surface. This is also true of braking effectiveness when runways are covered in ice. When the runway is wet, the pilot ... with dynamic hydroplaning. Dynamic hydroplaning is a condition in which the aircraft tires ride on a thin sheet of water rather than on the runway’s surface. Because hydroplaning wheels are not touching the runway, braking and directional control…
- SKIPPING › GLASSY WATER TAKEOFFS
GLASSY WATER TAKEOFFS Glassy water makes takeoff more difficult in two ways. The smoothness of the surface has the effect of increasing drag, making acceleration and lift-off more difficult. This can feel as if there is suction between…
- Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect
there were an air cushion. This phenomenon is called ground effect. When an aircraft in flight comes within several feet of the surface, ground or water, a change occurs in the three-dimensional flow pattern around the aircraft because ... interference of the ground (or water) surface with the airflow patterns about the aircraft in flight. While the aerodynamic characteristics of the tail surfaces and the fuselage are altered by ground effect, the principal effects due to proximity…
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Runway Surface and Gradient
water reduce the airplane’s acceleration down the runway. Although muddy and wet surface conditions can reduce friction between the runway and the tires, they can also act as obstructions and reduce the landing distance. [Figure 11-16] Braking effectiveness…
- TAKEOFF
helicopter begins to move forward, use reference points some distance in front of the helicopter. Over water, ground effect is reduced from the absorption of energy in the downwash. This increases the power required to hover and with other factors ... riding high or skimming the surface. While skimming the surface, float drag increases rapidly, and the takeoff must be executed promptly since a further increase in speed, with the floats plowing in the water, is likely to exceed the limit…
- SKIPPING › CROSSWIND TAKEOFFS › CONTROLLED WEATHERVANING
make the air rudder and ailerons effective. As the seaplane transitions to the plowing attitude, the weathervaning tendency decreases as the fronts of the floats come out of the water, adding vertical surface area at the front of the seaplane…