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  • Chapter 10: Performance Maneuvers › Steep Turns

    factors increase dramatically during a level turn beyond 60° of bank. Note that the design of a standard category general aviation airplane accommodates a load factor up to 3.8. A level turn using 75° of bank exceeds that limit. Because ... bank. Each airplane’s level turning performance is limited by structural and aerodynamic design, as well as available power. The airplane’s limiting load factor determines the maximum bank angle that can be maintained in level flight without exceeding…

  • Chapter 1: Introduction to Flight Training › Safety Considerations › Stall Awareness

    pitch attitude is not an absolute indication of proximity to a stall. Some airplanes are capable of vertical flight with a corresponding low AOA. Most airplanes are quite capable of stalling at a level or near level pitch attitude ... training and carried through the pilot’s entire flying career. The pilot should understand and appreciate factors such as airspeed, pitch attitude, load factor, relative wind, power setting, and aircraft configuration in order to develop a reasonably accurate mental picture…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Load Factors › Load Factors and Stalling Speeds

    factor is squared as the stalling speed doubles, tremendous loads may be imposed on structures by stalling an aircraft at relatively high airspeeds. The following information primarily applies to fixed-wing airplanes. The maximum speed at which an airplane ... Manual/ Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) of all recently designed airplanes. For older general aviation airplanes, this speed is approximately 1.7 times the normal stalling speed. Thus, an older airplane that normally stalls at 60 knots must never be stalled…

  • Chapter 16: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes › Mach Buffet

    load factor (G factor) will raise the low-end buffet speed. For example, a jet airplane flying at 51,000 feet altitude at 1.0 G and a speed of 0.73 Mach that experiences a 1.4 G load, may encounter ... penetration speed for the particular make and model airplane. This speed normally gives the greatest margin between the high-speed and low-speed buffets. Low-Speed Flight The jet airplane wing, designed primarily for high-speed flight, has relatively poor…

  • 14 CFR Part 135, Appendix A to Part 135—Additional Airworthiness Standards for 10 or More Passenger Airplanes

    effects of altitude) must be set forth in the Airplane Flight Manual. Airframe Requirements Flight Loads 24. Engine torque. (a) Each turbopropeller engine mount and its supporting structure must be designed for the torque effects of: (1) The conditions ... limit engine torque corresponding to takeoff power and propeller speed multiplied by a factor accounting for propeller control system malfunction, including quick feathering action, simultaneously with 1g level flight loads. In the absence of a ration- al analysis, a factor…