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  • Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems › Pressurized Aircraft

    addition, the pressurization system permits a reasonably fast exchange of air from the inside to the outside of the cabin. This is necessary to eliminate odors and to remove stale air. [Figure 7-41] Pressurization of the aircraft cabin ... necessary in order to protect occupants against hypoxia. Within a pressurized cabin, occupants can be transported comfortably and safely for long periods of time, particularly if the cabin altitude is maintained at 8,000 feet or below, where…

  • Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines

    Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The pitot tube is utilized to measure the total combined pressures that are present when an aircraft moves through the air. Static pressure, also known as ambient pressure, is always present whether an aircraft ... moving or at rest. It is simply the barometric pressure in the local area. Dynamic pressure is present only when an aircraft is in motion; therefore, it can be thought of as a pressure due to motion. Wind also generates…

  • Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Blocked Pitot System

    change is not related to a change in airspeed but a change in static pressure. The total pressure in the pitot tube does not change due to the blockage; however, the static pressure will change. Because airspeed indications rely upon ... both static and dynamic pressure together, the blockage of either of these systems affects the ASI reading. Remember that the ASI has a diaphragm in which dynamic air pressure is entered. Behind this diaphragm is a reference pressure called static…

  • Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Wind and Currents › Wind Patterns

    Wind Patterns In the Northern Hemisphere, the flow of air from areas of high to low pressure is deflected to the right and produces a clockwise circulation around an area of high pressure. This is known as anticyclonic circulation ... opposite is true of low-pressure areas; the air flows toward a low and is deflected to create a counterclockwise or cyclonic circulation. [Figure 12-10] High-pressure systems are generally areas of dry, descending air. Good weather is typically…

  • 14 CFR Part 91, Appendix A to Part 91—Category II Operations: Manual, Instruments, Equipment, and Maintenance

    Warning systems for immediate detection by the pilot of system faults in items (1), (4), (5), and (9) of Group I and, if installed for use in Category III operations, the radio altimeter and autothrottle system. (2) Dual controls ... pressure system with an alternate static pressure source. (4) A windshield wiper or equivalent means of providing adequate cockpit visibility for a safe visual transition by either pilot to touchdown and rollout. (5) A heat source for each airspeed system…

  • 14 CFR § 121.313 Miscellaneous equipment.

    required instruments and equipment, with use of an external power supply if any one power source or component of the power distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds that ... protected against malfunctioning. Engine-driven sources of energy, when used, must be on separate engines. (d) A means for indicating the adequacy of the power being supplied to required flight instruments. (e) Two independent static pressure systems, vented…