AI.II.D.K6

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-8
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Wingtip Vortices › Formation of Vortices

  flow direction is greatest at the outer tips where the unrestricted lateral flow is the strongest. Figure 5-12. Wingtip vortices. As the air curls upward around the tip, it combines with the downwash to form a fast-spinning trailing ... vortex. These vortices increase drag because of energy spent in producing the turbulence. Whenever an airfoil is producing lift, induced drag occurs and wingtip vortices are created. Just as lift increases with an increase in AOA, induced drag also increases…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-9
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Wingtip Vortices › Avoiding Wake Turbulence

  Avoiding Wake Turbulence Wingtip vortices are greatest when the generating aircraft is “heavy, clean, and slow.” This condition is most commonly encountered during approaches or departures because an aircraft’s AOA is at the highest to produce the lift necessary ... runway. [Figure 5-14] A hovering helicopter generates a down wash from its main rotor(s) similar to the vortices of an airplane. Pilots of small aircraft should avoid a hovering helicopter by at least three rotor disc diameters…

• Risk Management Handbookp. 7-3
  Chapter 7: Automation & Flight Path Management › Integrated Flight Path Automation Systems

  While pilots often rely on the autopilot, they also need to be able to fly the aircraft manually within appropriate standards. Pilots should train and practice using automation under VFR with an appropriately qualified and knowledgeable flight instructor before attempting ... flight simulation training device provides the opportunity to practice and repeat automation procedures with a simulated high workload. Through appropriate training and practice, pilots learn to operate autopilot systems with ease and in a routine manner. Knowledge of system limitations…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. G-34
  Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

  time in a light, twin-engine airplane following an engine failure. WAAS. See wide area augmentation system. Wake turbulence. Wingtip vortices that are created when an airplane generates lift. When an airplane generates lift, air spills over the wingtips from ... below the wings to the low pressure areas above them. This flow causes rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip vortices or wake turbulence…

• 14 CFR Part 141 — Pilot SchoolsOpen
  14 CFR Part 141, Appendix G to Part 141—Flight Instructor Instrument (For an Airplane, Helicopter, or Powered-Lift Instrument Instructor Rating, as Appropriate) Certification Course

  Appendix G to Part 141—Flight Instructor Instrument (For an Airplane, Helicopter, or Powered-Lift Instrument Instructor Rating, as Appropriate) Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a flight instructor instrument certification course required under this ... instrument course: (a) A commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor category and class rating for which the course applies; and (b) An instrument rating or privilege…