AI.VI.B.R3

From the FAA library

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-6
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures

  pilot accepts a clearance to visually follow a preceding aircraft, the pilot accepts responsibility for separation and wake turbulence avoidance. The controllers will also provide to VFR aircraft, with whom they are in communication and which in the tower ... opinion may be adversely affected by wake turbulence from a larger aircraft, the position, altitude and direction of flight of larger aircraft followed by the phrase “CAUTION - WAKE TURBULENCE.” After issuing the caution for wake turbulence, the airport traffic controllers…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-5
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-5. Operations Problem Areas

  Operations Problem Areas a. A wake turbulence encounter can range from negligible to catastrophic. The impact of the encounter depends on the weight, wingspan, size of the generating aircraft, distance from the generating aircraft, and point of vortex encounter ... generally aligned with the flight path of the generating aircraft. b. AVOID THE AREA BELOW AND BEHIND THE WAKE GENERATING AIRCRAFT, ESPECIALLY AT LOW ALTITUDE WHERE EVEN A MOMENTARY WAKE ENCOUNTER COULD BE CATASTROPHIC. NOTEA common scenario for a wake…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 4-6-6
  Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 5. Surveillance Systems › 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence

  traffic to avoid Yankee 123). 4. FL Change or Re-route. To leave airspace where MWA or severe turbulence is being encountered, the pilot may request a FL change and/or re-route, if necessary. 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake ... Turbulence a. Pilots should be aware of the potential for wake turbulence encounters in RVSM airspace. Experience gained since 1997 has shown that such encounters in RVSM airspace are generally moderate or less in magnitude. b. Prior to DRVSM implementation…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-1
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-2. Vortex Generation

  Section 4. Wake Turbulence 7-4-1. General a. Every aircraft generates wake turbulence while in flight. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, resulting in the formation of two counter-rotating vortices trailing behind the aircraft ... Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength, duration, and direction of the vortices. Wake turbulence can impose rolling moments exceeding the roll-control authority of encountering aircraft, causing possible injury to occupants…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-8
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations

  Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations a. Because of the possible effects of wake turbulence, controllers are required to apply no less than minimum required separation to all aircraft operating behind a Super or Heavy, and to Small aircraft operating behind…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-2
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-4. Vortex Behavior

  view of this, if persistent vortex turbulence is encountered, a slight change of altitude (upward) and lateral position (upwind) should provide a flight path clear of the turbulence. 3. Flight tests have shown that the vortices from larger aircraft sink ... generating aircraft. (See FIG 7-4-4.) Pilots, in all phases of flight, must remain vigilant of possible wake effects created by other aircraft. Studies have shown that atmospheric turbulence hastens wake breakup, while other atmospheric conditions can transport wake…