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  • Chapter 16: Navigation › Dead Reckoning › Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis

    ground track is the same as the heading and the GS is the same as the true airspeed. This condition rarely exists. A wind triangle, the pilot’s version of vector analysis, is the basis of dead reckoning. The wind ... triangle is a graphic explanation of the effect of wind upon flight. GS, heading, and time for any flight can be determined by using the wind triangle. It can be applied to the simplest kind of cross-country flight…

  • Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Elementary Eights › Eights Along a Road

    When the airplane completes the first 180° of ground track, it is directly crosswind, and the airplane should be at the maximum wind correction angle. As the turn is continued toward the upwind, the airplane’s groundspeed is decreasing, which ... adjust the bank angle and corresponding rate of turn proportionately in order to reach the ground reference at the completion of the 360° ground track. The pilot may vary the bank angle to correct for any previous errors made…

  • Glossary › Numbers and Symbols

    condition in which the nose of the airplane is pointed into the wind a sufficient amount to counteract a crosswind and maintain a desired track over the ground. Crazing. Small fractures in aircraft windshields and windows caused from being exposed ... wing stalls regardless of airspeed, flight attitude, or weight. Critical engine. The engine whose failure has the most adverse effect on directional control. Cross controlled. A condition where aileron deflection is in the opposite direction of rudder deflection. Crossfeed…

  • Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Drift and Ground Track Control › Correcting Drift During Straight-and-Level Flight

    track, the preferred method of correcting for wind drift is to angle the airplane sufficiently into the wind to cancel the effect of the sideways drift caused by the wind. The wind’s speed, the angle between the wind direction ... degrees. When the drift has been neutralized by heading the airplane into the wind, the airplane will fly the direct straight ground track…

  • Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Drift and Ground Track Control › Constant Radius During Turning Flight

    Figure 7-2. Effect of wind during a turn. For a given…