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  • Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Attitude Flying

    Bank attitude is the angle formed by the airplane's lateral axis, which extends from wingtip to wingtip, and the natural horizon. Controlling an airplane requires one of two methods to determine the airplane’s attitude in reference ... horizon. When flying “visually” in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), a pilot uses their eyes and visually references the airplane’s wings and cowling to establish the airplane’s attitude to the natural horizon (a visible horizon). If no visible horizon…

  • CHAPTER 1. GROUND TRAINING: STALL AND SPIN AWARENESS › 100. STALL/SPIN EFFECTS AND DEFINITIONS › c. Configuration

    Configuration. Flaps, landing gear, and other configuring devices can affect an airplane’s stall speed. Extension of flaps and/or landing gear in flight will increase drag. Flap extension will generally increase the lifting ability of the wings, thus reducing ... airplane’s stall speed. The effect of flaps on an airplane’s stall speed can be seen by markings on the airplane’s airspeed indicator, where the lower airspeed limit of the white arc (power-off stall speed with gear…

  • Chapter 5: Maintaining Aircraft Control: Upset Prevention and Recovery Training › Stalls › Full Stalls, Power-On

    recognize the potential for an accidental stall during takeoff, go around, climb, or when trying to clear an obstacle. Airplanes equipped with flaps or retractable landing gear should normally be in the takeoff configuration; however, power-on stalls should also ... practiced with the airplane in a clean configuration (flaps and gear retracted) to ensure practice with all possible takeoff and climb configurations. When practicing takeoff stall recovery, the airplane should be at maximum power, although for some airplanes…

  • Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes › Slow Flight

    Slow Flight There is nothing unusual about maneuvering during slow flight in a multiengine airplane. Slow flight may be conducted in straight and-level flight, turns, climbs, or descents. It can also be conducted in the clean configuration, landing configuration ... other combination of landing gear and flaps. Slow flight in a multiengine airplane should be conducted so the maneuver can be completed no lower than 3,000 feet AGL or higher if recommended by the manufacturer. In all cases, practicing…

  • Chapter 5: Maintaining Aircraft Control: Upset Prevention and Recovery Training › Slow Flight › Performing the Slow Flight Maneuver

    cases, practicing slow flight should be conducted at an adequate height above the ground for recovery should the airplane inadvertently stall. To begin the slow flight maneuver, the pilot should clear the area and gradually reduce thrust from cruise power ... adjust the pitch to allow the airspeed to decrease while maintaining altitude. As the speed of the airplane decreases, there is a change in the sound of the airflow. As the speed approaches the target slow flight speed, which…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Introduction

    Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes Introduction A high-performance airplane is defined as an airplane with an engine capable of developing more than 200 horsepower (see 14 CFR part 61, section 61.31(f)(1)). A complex airplane ... part 61, section 61.1) means an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, including airplanes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine…