AI.X.B.R1

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-8
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Instrument Check › Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

  dynamic pressure expands or contracts one side of the diaphragm, which is attached to an indicating system. The system drives the mechanical linkage and the airspeed needle. Just as in altitudes, there are multiple types of airspeeds. Pilots need ... very familiar with each type. • Indicated airspeed (IAS)—the direct instrument reading obtained from the ASI, uncorrected for variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or instrument error. Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis for determining aircraft performance. Takeoff, landing…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 4-1
  Chapter 4: Energy Management: Mastering Altitude and Airspeed Control › Viewing the Airplane as an Energy System › A Frame of Reference for Managing Energy State

  Viewing the Airplane as an Energy System The total mechanical energy of an airplane in flight is the sum of its potential energy from altitude and kinetic energy from airspeed. The potential energy is expressed as mgh, and the kinetic ... energy as ½ mV². Thus, the airplane's total mechanical energy can be stated as: mgh + ½ mV² Where, m = mass g = gravitational constant h = height (altitude) V = velocity (airspeed) A flying airplane is an “open” energy system, which means that…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-9
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Airspeed Indicator Markings

  Airspeed Indicator Markings Aircraft weighing 12,500 pounds or less, manufactured after 1945, and certificated by the FAA are required to have ASIs marked in accordance with a standard color-coded marking system. This system of color-coded markings enables ... pilot to determine at a glance certain airspeed limitations that are important to the safe operation of the aircraft. For example, if during the execution of a maneuver, it is noted that the airspeed needle is in the yellow…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 4-6
  Chapter 4: Energy Management: Mastering Altitude and Airspeed Control › Rules of Energy Control › Visualizing the Airplane’s Ability to “Move” Between Energy States

  Rules of Energy Control The central principle encapsulating the role of the throttle and elevator for managing the airplane’s energy can be summed up as follows: coordinated throttle and elevator inputs control the airplane’s energy state. Modifying ... guide a set of general energy control rules to achieve and maintain any desired vertical flight path and airspeed targets within the airplane’s energy envelope. Visualizing the Airplane’s Ability to “Move” Between Energy States To better understand…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 9-2
  Chapter 9: Flight Manuals and Other Documents › Airspeed

  Airspeed Airspeed limitations are shown on the airspeed indicator (ASI) by color coding and on placards or graphs in the aircraft. [Figure 9-1] A red line on the ASI shows the airspeed limit beyond which structural damage could occur ... This is called the never-exceed speed (VNE). A yellow arc indicates the speed range between maximum structural cruising speed (VN0) and VNE. Operation of an aircraft in the yellow airspeed arc is for smooth air only and then only…

• Instrument Flying Handbookp. 8-5
  Chapter 8: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying › Straight-and-Level Flight › Airspeed Indicator

  first neutralizing the controls and allowing the pitch attitude to stabilize, then readjusting the pitch attitude by noting the indications of the other pitch instruments. Occasionally, the VSI may be slightly out of calibration. This could result in the instrument ... indicating a slight climb or descent even when the helicopter is in level flight. If the instrument cannot be calibrated properly, this error must be taken into consideration when using the VSI for pitch control. For example, if a descent…