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  • Chapter 2: Aeronautical Decision-Making › Hazard and Risk › V = EnVironment

    VASI/PAPI or ILS glideslope guidance? Is the terminal airport equipped with them? Are they working? Will the pilot need to use the radio to activate the airport lights? • Check the Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) for closed runways or airports. Look ... destination and/or alternate airports? Airspace • If the trip is over remote areas, is there appropriate clothing, water, and survival gear onboard in the event of a forced landing? • If the trip includes flying over water or unpopulated areas with…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Retractable Landing Gear › Emergency Gear Extension Systems

    Some airplanes have an emergency release handle in the flight deck, which is connected through a mechanical linkage to the gear uplocks. When the handle is operated, it releases the uplocks and allows the gear to free fall or extend ... uplock is accomplished using compressed gas, which is directed to uplock release cylinders. In some airplanes, design configurations make emergency extension of the landing gear by gravity and air loads alone impossible or impractical. In these airplanes, provisions are included…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Retractable Landing Gear › Landing Gear Safety Devices

    Landing Gear Safety Devices Most airplanes with a retractable landing gear have a gear warning horn that sounds when the airplane is configured for landing and the landing gear is not down and locked. Normally, the horn is linked ... airspeed indicator so that when the airplane is below a certain airspeed, configuration, or power setting with the gear retracted, the warning horn sounds. Accidental retraction of a landing gear may be prevented by such devices as mechanical downlocks, safety…

  • Chapter 2: Ground Operations › Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft › Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes

    Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes The landing gear, tires, and brakes allow the airplane to maneuver from and return to the ramp, taxiway, and runway environment in a precise and controlled manner. The landing gear, tires, and brakes should ... inspected to ensure that the airplane can be positively controlled on the ground. Landing gear on airplanes varies from simple fixed gear to complex retractable gear systems. Fixed landing gear is a gear system in which the landing gear struts…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Retractable Landing Gear › Landing Gear Systems

    Landing Gear Systems An electrical landing gear retraction system utilizes an electrically-driven motor for gear operation. The system is basically an electrically-driven jack for raising and lowering the gear. When a switch in the flight deck is moved ... position, the electric motor operates. Through a system of shafts, gears, adapters, an actuator screw, and a torque tube, a force is transmitted to the drag strut linkages. Thus, the gear retracts and locks. Struts are also activated that open…

  • Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes › Retractable Landing Gear › Approach and Landing

    This is especially so in cases of premature lift-off. Remember that leaning forward to reach the landing gear selector may result in inadvertent forward pressure on the yoke, which causes the airplane to descend. As the landing gear retracts ... airspeed increases and the airplane’s pitch attitude may change. The gear may take several seconds to retract. Gear retraction and locking (and gear extension and locking) is accompanied by sound and feel that are unique to the specific make…