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  • Appendix C: Accident Case Studies › Accident Profile 1 › Risk Identification, Assessment, and Mitigation

    runway and the wet-grass turf runway. These environmental factors, coupled with an aircraft hazard arising from takeoff and climb performance limitations, generated the risk that may explain the accident. An external pressure hazard associated with pleasing the passengers ... collision potential with the trees is “catastrophic” because it resulted in loss of life. Given the environment and aircraft performance limitations that the pilot could have reasonably anticipated, the likelihood of the risk was at least “occasional,” that…

  • Chapter 10: Weight and Balance

    understanding the operations, limitations, and performance characteristics of the aircraft, the pilot can make educated flight decisions. By learning what preventive maintenance is allowed on the aircraft, a pilot can maintain his or her aircraft in an airworthy condition ... aircraft is critical to flight safety. Operating above the maximum weight limitation compromises the structural integrity of an aircraft and adversely affects its performance. Operation with the center of gravity (CG) outside the approved limits results in control difficulty…

  • Chapter 1: Introduction To Flying › Pilot Certifications › Commercial Pilot

    accepting compensation for flying except in some very limited, specific circumstances. The Private Pilot Certificate is the certificate held by the majority of active pilots. It allows command of any aircraft (subject to appropriate ratings) for any noncommercial purpose ... specific number of hours of complex (or turbine-powered) aircraft time are among the prerequisites, and at least a portion of the practical examination is performed in a complex aircraft. A complex aircraft must have retractable landing gear, movable flaps…

  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Weight and Balance › Effect of Weight on Flight Performance

    make it impossible for the aircraft to clear an obstacle that normally would not be a problem during takeoff under more favorable conditions. The detrimental effects of overloading on performance are not limited to the immediate hazards involved with takeoffs ... read charts for determining weight and balance data are now provided. Increased performance and loadcarrying capability of these aircraft require strict adherence to the operating limitations prescribed by the manufacturer. Deviations from the recommendations can result in structural damage…

  • Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards & Associated Risks › Aircraft Hazards › Equipage

    addition, operating near maximum takeoff weight reduces climb performance. • Weight and Balance–Pilots who do not check center of gravity limits may experience difficulty trimming or controlling the aircraft, which could lead to a loss of control in-flight. Equipage…

  • Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Defenses Provided to the Pilot or Crew › External Resources

    Person Even when flying a single-pilot aircraft, a pilot may choose to fly with a second pilot. The second pilot may be a flight instructor or another pilot who can perform some flight duties. The pilot can also assign ... traffic control can assist pilots with traffic avoidance, weather avoidance, terrain avoidance, and navigation. However, ATC workload or equipment limitations affect the amount of assistance they can provide. In larger operations, a dispatch or company operations center can normally coordinate…