Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Powered-Lift Category
›Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation5 tasks
Task A. Operation of Systems
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with aircraft systems and their components; and their normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.
References: AC 90-117, AC 91.21-1, AC 91-78, AC 120-76; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.I.A.K1Landing gear–extension/retraction system(s), indicators, brakes, antiskid, tires, nose-wheel steering, and shock absorbers.AP.I.A.K2Powerplant(s)–controls, indications, and systems, as applicable.AP.I.A.K3Thrust components–transmission, drive shafts, gear boxes, oil/fluid levels, tolerances, electronic controls, motors, ducts, and limitations as applicable.AP.I.A.K4Fuel system–capacity, drains, pumps, controls, indicators, cross-feeding, transferring, jettison, fuel grade, color and additives, fueling and defueling procedures, and fuel substitutions (if applicable).AP.I.A.K5Battery(s) used for propulsion–charging, discharging, and condition, as applicable.AP.I.A.K6Oil system–capacity, allowable types of oil, quantities, and indicators.AP.I.A.K7Hydraulic system–capacity, pumps, pressure, reservoirs, allowable types of fluid, and regulators.AP.I.A.K8Electrical system–alternators, generators, batteries, circuit breakers and protection devices, controls, indicators, and external and auxiliary power sources and ratings.AP.I.A.K9Pneumatic and environmental systems–heating, cooling, ventilation, oxygen, pressurization, supply for ice protection systems, controls, indicators, and regulating devices.AP.I.A.K10Avionics and communications–autopilot, flight director, Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS), Flight Management System (FMS), Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), Radar, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS), ground-based navigation systems and components, Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) In and Out, Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract (ADS-C), traffic awareness/warning/avoidance systems, terrain awareness/ warning/alert systems, communication systems (e.g., data link, Ultra High Frequency (UHF)/Very High Frequency (VHF)/High Frequency (HF), satellite), Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), indicating devices, transponder, and emergency locator transmitter, Head Up-Display (HUD).AP.I.A.K11Ice protection–anti-ice, deice, pitot-static system protection, turbine inlet, windshield, airfoil surfaces, and other related components.AP.I.A.K12Crewmember and passenger equipment–oxygen system, survival gear, emergency exits, evacuation procedures and crew duties, quick donning oxygen mask for crewmembers, passenger oxygen system.AP.I.A.K13Flight controls appropriate for the aircraft provided for the practical test.AP.I.A.K14Pitot-static system–associated instruments and the power source for those flight instruments. Operation and power sources for other flight instruments.AP.I.A.K15Fire & smoke detection, protection, and suppression–powerplant, cargo and passenger compartments, lavatory, pneumatic and environmental, electrical/avionics, and batteries (on aircraft and personal electronic devices).AP.I.A.K16Envelope protection–angle of attack warning and protection, and speed protection.AP.I.A.K17Flight manual as it relates to the systems and components in the aircraft.AP.I.A.K18How to use a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and a Configuration Deviation List (CDL).
AP.I.A.S1Explain and describe the operation of the aircraft systems and components using correct terminology.AP.I.A.S2Recall immediate action items or memory items, if appropriate.AP.I.A.S3Identify system or component limitations listed in the flight manual.AP.I.A.S4Demonstrate or describe, as appropriate, the process for deferring inoperative equipment (e.g., MEL) and using a CDL.AP.I.A.S5Comply with operations specifications, management specifications, and letters of authorization, if applicable.AP.I.A.S6Through the use of the appropriate checklists and normal and abnormal procedures, demonstrate the proper use of the aircraft systems, subsystems, and devices, as determined by the evaluator.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Performance and Limitations
To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with operating an aircraft safely within its operating envelope.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 20-117, AC 91-74, AC 120-27, AC 135-17; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.I.B.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.AP.I.B.K2How to determine the following:AP.I.B.K2aAircraft performance in selected phase(s) of flightAP.I.B.K2bPerformance with a powerplant inoperative in selected phase(s) of flightAP.I.B.K2cWeight and balance and how to shift weightAP.I.B.K2dOther performance data as appropriate to the aircraftAP.I.B.K3Factors affecting performance, including:AP.I.B.K3aAtmospheric conditionsAP.I.B.K3bPilot techniqueAP.I.B.K3cAirport environment (e.g., runway condition, land and hold short operations (LAHSO))AP.I.B.K3dAircraft configurationAP.I.B.K3eLoading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]AP.I.B.K3fWeight and balanceAP.I.B.K4Aerodynamics and how it relates to performance.AP.I.B.K5Adverse effects of exceeding an aircraft limitation or the aircraft operating envelope.AP.I.B.K6Clean wing concept; deicing and anti-icing procedures, including use of appropriate deice fluid, holdover tables, calculating hold-over times, and pre-takeoff contamination checks.AP.I.B.K7Relationship between Mach number, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, and change over altitudes.AP.I.B.K8Best range and endurance speed.AP.I.B.K9Height/Velocity (H/V) diagram according to the flight manual.
AP.I.B.S1Describe the airspeeds and configurations used during specific phases of flight.AP.I.B.S2Describe the effects of meteorological conditions on performance for all phases of flight and correctly apply these factors to a specific chart, table, graph, or other performance data.AP.I.B.S3Describe the procedures for surface (wing, rotor,etc.) contamination recognition and any deice/anti-ice procedures prior to takeoff.AP.I.B.S4Explain the adverse effects of airframe icing during all phases of flight. Describe any operating limitations for flight in icing conditions. If equipped, describe the procedures for deicing and anti-icing system use and their effects on performance.AP.I.B.S5Compute weight and balance, including practical techniques to resolve out-of-limits calculations for a representative scenario, as specified by the evaluator.AP.I.B.S6Determine the computed center of gravity is within the acceptable limits and the lateral fuel balance is within limits for takeoff and landing.AP.I.B.S7Demonstrate proficient use of appropriate performance charts, tables, graphs, or other means to determine aircraft performance and limitations for all phases of flight.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Weather Information (ATP)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with obtaining, understanding, and applying weather information for a flight under IFR.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-74 AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28
AP.I.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.AP.I.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:AP.I.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)AP.I.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)AP.I.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)AP.I.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)AP.I.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)AP.I.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)AP.I.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMETAP.I.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:AP.I.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stabilityAP.I.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)AP.I.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchangeAP.I.C.K3dMoisture/precipitationAP.I.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and frontsAP.I.C.K3fCloudsAP.I.C.K3gTurbulenceAP.I.C.K3hThunderstorms and microburstsAP.I.C.K3iIcing and freezing level informationAP.I.C.K3jFog/mistAP.I.C.K3kFrostAP.I.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)AP.I.C.K4Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, their use to navigate around weather, and equipment limitations.AP.I.C.K5Low-visibility operations (e.g., surface movement, category II and III approaches). (ATP)(AMEL, AMES).AP.I.C.K6Flight Risk Assessment Tools.
AP.I.C.R1Weather conditions involved in departure and in-flight decision making, to include:AP.I.C.R1aCircumstances requiring a change in course or destinationAP.I.C.R1bKnown or forecast icing, winds or turbulence aloft, volcanic ash, destination weather, etc.AP.I.C.R1cPersonal weather minimumsAP.I.C.R1dOperator specified or aircraft operational limitations, if applicableAP.I.C.R2Use and limitations of:AP.I.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipmentAP.I.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecastsAP.I.C.R2cInflight weather resources
Note: If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. See Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Human Factors (ATP)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with personal health, flight physiology, and aeromedical and human factors related to safety of flight.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-100, AC 120-51; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25
AP.I.D.K1Causes, effects, recognition, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:AP.I.D.K1aHypoxiaAP.I.D.K1bHyperventilationAP.I.D.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problemsAP.I.D.K1dSpatial disorientationAP.I.D.K1eMotion sicknessAP.I.D.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoningAP.I.D.K1gStressAP.I.D.K1hFatigueAP.I.D.K1iDehydration and nutritionAP.I.D.K1jHypothermiaAP.I.D.K1kOptical illusionsAP.I.D.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba divesAP.I.D.K2Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.AP.I.D.K3Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.AP.I.D.K4Components of self-assessment for determining fitness for flight.
Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant's knowledge of at least three sub-elements. See Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (ATP)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge associated with regulations applicable to the privileges and limitations of the ATP certificate and to flight operations that require an ATP certificate.
References: 14 CFR parts 61, 91, 135; 49 CFR part 830; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25
Note: See Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
›Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures7 tasks
Task A. Preflight Assessment
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with preparation for safe flight.
References: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 71, 91, 97, 119, 135; AC 120-27, AC 135-17; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; Flight Manual
AP.II.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.AP.II.A.K2Determining that the aircraft to be used is appropriate, airworthy, and in a condition for safe flight by locating and explaining related documents such as:AP.II.A.K2aAirworthiness and registration certificatesAP.II.A.K2bOperating limitations, handbooks, and manualsAP.II.A.K2cMinimum Equipment List (MEL) and Configuration Deviation List (CDL), Kinds of Operations Equipment Lists (KOEL)AP.II.A.K2dWeight and balance dataAP.II.A.K2eRequired inspections or tests and appropriate records and documentation (e.g., dispatch release) as applicable to the proposed flight or operationAP.II.A.K3Preventive maintenance that can be performed by the pilot or other designated crewmember.AP.II.A.K4Aircraft preflight inspection, including:AP.II.A.K4aWhich items should be inspectedAP.II.A.K4bThe reasons for checking each itemAP.II.A.K4cHow to detect possible defectsAP.II.A.K4dThe associated regulationsAP.II.A.K5Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.AP.II.A.K6Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.AP.II.A.K7Operations specifications, management specifications, or letters of authorization applying to a particular aircraft and operation, if applicable.
AP.II.A.S1Inspect the aircraft in accordance with an appropriate checklist demonstrating proper operation of applicable aircraft systems. Coordinate checklist with crew, if appropriate.AP.II.A.S2Coordinate with ground crew and ensure adequate clearance prior to moving doors, hatches, flight control surfaces, etc.AP.II.A.S3Document any discrepancies found; take corrective action and acknowledge limitations imposed by MEL/CDL items, if applicable.AP.II.A.S4Determine if the aircraft is airworthy and in condition for safe flight.AP.II.A.S5Identify and comply with operations specifications as required.AP.II.A.S6Assess factors related to the environment (weather, airports, terrain, airspace).AP.II.A.S7Ensure the aircraft and surfaces are free of ice, snow, and frost. If icing conditions are present, demonstrate satisfactory knowledge of deicing procedures.AP.II.A.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Powerplant Start
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with powerplant start procedures.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.II.B.K1Normal and abnormal powerplant start procedures and limitations, including the use of an auxiliary power unit (APU) or external power source, if applicable.AP.II.B.K2Starting under various conditions.AP.II.B.K3Malfunctions during powerplant start, procedures to address the malfunction, and any associated limitations.AP.II.B.K4Coordinating and communicating with ground personnel for powerplant start, if applicable.
AP.II.B.R1Malfunctions during powerplant start.AP.II.B.R2External or internal power starts.AP.II.B.R3Thrust device, rotor, exhaust, and powerplant safety, as applicable.AP.II.B.R4Hazards, including downwash, personnel, vehicles, vessels, foreign object debris, and other aircraft in the vicinity during powerplant start.AP.II.B.R5Managing situations where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.
AP.II.B.S1Ensure the ground safety procedures are followed during the before-start, start, and after-start phases.AP.II.B.S2Use appropriate ground crew personnel during the start procedures (if applicable).AP.II.B.S3Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to and after powerplant start.AP.II.B.S4Respond appropriately to an abnormal start or malfunction.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Ground Taxiing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations.
References: 14 CFR part 91, 135; AC 91-73, 120-74; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; NOTAMs; Flight Manual
AP.II.C.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).AP.II.C.K2Taxi instructions/clearances, including published taxi routes.AP.II.C.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.AP.II.C.K4Appropriate aircraft lighting for day and night operations.AP.II.C.K5Appropriate aircraft configuration.AP.II.C.K6Communications at towered and nontowered airports.AP.II.C.K7Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning, identifying the location of Hot Spots, and coordinating with crew if, applicable.AP.II.C.K8Entering or crossing runways.AP.II.C.K9Night taxi operations.AP.II.C.K10Low visibility taxi operations and techniques used to avoid disorientation.
AP.II.C.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.II.C.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.AP.II.C.R3A taxi route or departure runway change.AP.II.C.R4Use of checklists or procedures.AP.II.C.R5Low visibility taxi operations.AP.II.C.R6Runway incursion.
AP.II.C.S1Receive/record taxi instructions, read back/acknowledge taxi clearances, and review taxi routes on the airport diagram.AP.II.C.S2Use an appropriate airport/heliport diagram or taxi chart, if published.AP.II.C.S3Comply with air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions and observe all runway hold lines, Instrument Landing System (ILS) critical areas, beacons, and other airport/taxiway markings and lighting.AP.II.C.S4Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to and during taxi, as appropriate.AP.II.C.S5Maintain situational awareness.AP.II.C.S6Use appropriate thrust and maintain correct and positive aircraft control, proper speed, and appropriate separation between other aircraft, vehicles, and persons to avoid an incursion/incident/ accident.AP.II.C.S7Demonstrate taxi during day and night operations. If either condition is not available, the applicant explains the differences between day and night taxi.AP.II.C.S8Demonstrate proper use of aircraft exterior lighting for day and night operations. If either condition is not available, the applicant explains the differences between exterior aircraft lighting used for day and night operations.AP.II.C.S9Explain the hazards of low visibility taxi operations.
Task D. Hover Taxi
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with hover taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.II.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).AP.II.D.K2Hover taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.AP.II.D.K3Airport, heliport, helipad, or unprepared surface environment.AP.II.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.AP.II.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.AP.II.D.K6Procedures for.AP.II.D.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities during taxiingAP.II.D.K6bSafe hover taxi at towered and non-towered airports/heliports/helipads/landing areasAP.II.D.K6cEntering or crossing runwaysAP.II.D.K7Aircraft configuration.AP.II.D.K8Aircraft operating limitations.
AP.II.D.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.II.D.R2Low visibility hover taxi operations.AP.II.D.R3Powerplant(s) failure during hover taxi.AP.II.D.R4Other aircraft and hazards.AP.II.D.R5Hazardous effects of downwash.AP.II.D.R6Aircraft configuration.AP.II.D.R7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.AP.II.D.R8Crosswind limitations.AP.II.D.R9Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.AP.II.D.R10Runway incursion.AP.II.D.R11Other hazards specific to the powered-lift make and model.
AP.II.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.II.D.S2Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.AP.II.D.S3Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.AP.II.D.S4Comply with airport/heliport taxiway markings, signals, and signs.AP.II.D.S5Position the primary flight controls, including the thrust vector, for the prevailing environmental conditions.AP.II.D.S6Hover taxi over specified ground references, demonstrating forward, sideward, and rearward hovering and hovering turns.AP.II.D.S7Maintain recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.AP.II.D.S8Demonstrate the maneuver in crosswind conditions on specified headings.
Task E. Air Taxi
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with air taxi operations.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.II.E.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).AP.II.E.K2Air taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.AP.II.E.K3Aircraft configuration.AP.II.E.K4Airport, heliport, helipad, or unprepared surface environment.AP.II.E.K5Visual indicators for wind.AP.II.E.K6Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.AP.II.E.K7Procedures for:AP.II.E.K7aAppropriate flight deck activities during taxiingAP.II.E.K7bSafe air taxi at towered and non-towered airports/heliports/helipads/landing areasAP.II.E.K7cOverflying of runwaysAP.II.E.K8Aircraft operating limitations.AP.II.E.K9Appropriate height and speed for air taxi.AP.II.E.K10Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.
AP.II.E.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.II.E.S2Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.AP.II.E.S3Select a safe airspeed and altitude.AP.II.E.S4Maintain specified altitude, ±10 feet.AP.II.E.S5Maintain a designated airspeed, ±10 knots, taxi height, ±10 feet, and flight path.AP.II.E.S6Air taxi from one point to another under various wind conditions.AP.II.E.S7Maintain the aircraft within operating limits throughout the maneuver.AP.II.E.S8Comply with airport/heliport/helipad/landing area markings, lights, signs, and ATC instructions.AP.II.E.S9Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Task F. Before Takeoff Checks
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with before takeoff checks.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.II.F.K1Purpose of before takeoff checklist items, including:AP.II.F.K1aReasons for checking each itemAP.II.F.K1bDetecting malfunctionsAP.II.F.K1cEnsuring the aircraft is in safe operating conditionAP.II.F.K2Deicing and anti-icing procedures, holdover times, and pre-takeoff contamination check.AP.II.F.K3Adverse weather considerations for performance on takeoff (e.g., snow, ice, gusting crosswinds, lowvisibility).AP.II.F.K4Items to be included in a before takeoff briefing.
AP.II.F.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.AP.II.F.R2An unexpected change in the runway to be used for departure.AP.II.F.R3Using performance data to set airspeeds and flight instruments for actual conditions and the departure runway.AP.II.F.R4Setting navigation and communication equipment for departure.AP.II.F.R5Configuring autopilot and flight director for departure.AP.II.F.R6Adverse weather conditions prior to takeoff (e.g., snow, ice, gusting crosswinds, low-visibility).AP.II.F.R7Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as aircraft characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface.
AP.II.F.S1Determine the aircraft's takeoff performance and set configuration for the planned departure.AP.II.F.S2Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.AP.II.F.S3Determine all systems checked are within an acceptable operating range and are safe for the proposed flight. During the checks, explain at the request of the evaluator, any system operating characteristic or limitation and any corrective action for a malfunction.AP.II.F.S4Determine airspeeds/V-speeds and set flight instruments appropriately, configure flight director, autopilot, and navigation and communication equipment for the current flight conditions and takeoff and departure clearances.AP.II.F.S5Conduct a briefing that includes procedures for emergency and abnormal situations (e.g., powerplant failure, windshear), which may be encountered during takeoff, and state the planned action if they were to occur.AP.II.F.S6Obtain and correctly interpret the takeoff and departure clearance.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Flight Deck Management
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight deck management practices.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-71; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.II.G.S1Secure all items in the aircraft.AP.II.G.S2Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, sterile aircraft, passenger conduct and avoidance of rotor or air induction systems, powerplants, and other heat sources, and emergency procedures.AP.II.G.S3Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.AP.II.G.S4Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight. Select all applicable tasks in accordance with the aircraft's operating characteristics as specified in the flight manual.
›Area of Operation III. Takeoff and Departure Phase4 tasks
Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb from a Hover
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal takeoff and climb from a hover.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.III.A.R1Selection of helipad/deck, runway, or departure point based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AP.III.A.R2Effects of:AP.III.A.R2aCrosswindAP.III.A.R2bWindshearAP.III.A.R2cTailwindAP.III.A.R2dWake turbulenceAP.III.A.R2eRunway/departure point surface/conditionAP.III.A.R2fAircraft weightAP.III.A.R3Abnormal operations including:AP.III.A.R3aRejected takeoffAP.III.A.R3bPowerplant failure in hover/takeoff/climb phase of flightAP.III.A.R4Collision hazards.AP.III.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.III.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.III.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.III.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.III.A.S3Verify assigned/correct runway, if at an airport.AP.III.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AP.III.A.S5Position the flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing wind conditions.AP.III.A.S6Clear the area, ground or hover taxi into takeoff position, and hover the aircraft above the departure point, aligned with the departure path.AP.III.A.S7Confirm takeoff power and instrument indications prior to forward movement.AP.III.A.S8Takeoff and accelerate to the manufacturer’s recommended speed.AP.III.A.S9After takeoff, establish and maintain a positive rate of climb and configure aircraft, as appropriate.AP.III.A.S10Maintain the aircraft within operating limits throughout the maneuver.AP.III.A.S11Maintain VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.AP.III.A.S12Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AP.III.A.S13Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.AP.III.A.S14Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task B. Rolling Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rolling takeoff with wheel-type landing gear.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.III.B.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, temperature and altitude, on takeoff and climb performance and the H/V diagram.AP.III.B.K2Aircraft performance and limitations.AP.III.B.K3Appropriate aircraft configuration and power setting for takeoff and climb.AP.III.B.K4Translational lift.AP.III.B.K5Runway markings and lighting.
AP.III.B.R1Selection of a runway, or runway intersection, aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, wind, and takeoff and landing distance.AP.III.B.R2Effects of.AP.III.B.R2aCrosswindAP.III.B.R2bWindshearAP.III.B.R2cTailwindAP.III.B.R2dWake turbulenceAP.III.B.R2eRunway/departure point surface/conditionAP.III.B.R2fAircraft weightAP.III.B.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AP.III.B.R3aRejected takeoffAP.III.B.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAP.III.B.R4Aircraft configuration.AP.III.B.R5Collision hazards.AP.III.B.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.III.B.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.III.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.III.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.III.B.S3Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.AP.III.B.S4Configure the aircraft correctly for takeoff, regarding environmental conditions and aircraft loading.AP.III.B.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AP.III.B.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the aircraft on the runway centerline or takeoff path.AP.III.B.S7Maintain centerline and coordinated flight control inputs during the takeoff roll.AP.III.B.S8Confirm takeoff power, proper powerplant(s), and flight instrument indications prior to lift-off.AP.III.B.S9Lift off at the recommended airspeed and make callouts as appropriate.AP.III.B.S10Transition to recommended climb airspeed ±5 knots.AP.III.B.S11Maintain flight path and continue climb to the appropriate altitude at the recommended airspeed and configuration.AP.III.B.S12Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task C. Rejected Takeoff
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with a rejected takeoff.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.III.C.K1Conditions and situations that could warrant a rejected takeoff (e.g., takeoff warning systems, powerplant failure, other systems warning/failure).AP.III.C.K2Techniques and procedure for accomplishing a rejected takeoff.AP.III.C.K3Safety considerations following a rejected takeoff.AP.III.C.K4Performance data and the height velocity (H/V) diagram.AP.III.C.K5Relevant V-speeds for a rejected takeoff.
AP.III.C.R1Selection of the takeoff path based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.AP.III.C.R2A powerplant failure or other malfunction during takeoff.AP.III.C.R3Directional control following a rejected takeoff.AP.III.C.R4A rejected takeoff with inadequate stopping distance.AP.III.C.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.III.C.S1Conduct a rejected takeoff based on the scenario presented by the evaluator.AP.III.C.S2Safely stop the aircraft.AP.III.C.S3Maintain positive aircraft control throughout the maneuver.AP.III.C.S4Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate procedures, checklist(s), and radio calls following a rejected takeoff in a timely manner.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with maximum performance takeoff and climb.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.III.D.K1Situations where this maneuver is appropriate.AP.III.D.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and temperature, on takeoff and climb performance.AP.III.D.K3Appropriate aircraft configuration, takeoff, and climb profiles.AP.III.D.K4Factors affecting the profile of the height/velocity (H/V) diagram.
AP.III.D.R1Selection of takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AP.III.D.R2Effects of:AP.III.D.R2aCrosswindAP.III.D.R2bWindshearAP.III.D.R2cTailwindAP.III.D.R2dLow level turbulenceAP.III.D.R2eSurface conditionsAP.III.D.R3Abnormal operations including:AP.III.D.R3aRejected takeoffAP.III.D.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAP.III.D.R4Collision hazards.AP.III.D.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.III.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.III.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.III.D.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.III.D.S3Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.AP.III.D.S4Position the flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing wind conditions.AP.III.D.S5Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, utilizing maximum available takeoff area and align the aircraft on the takeoff path.AP.III.D.S6Confirm takeoff power and proper powerplant and flight instrument indications prior to takeoff.AP.III.D.S7Establish and maintain the most efficient lift-off attitude/configuration for obstacle clearance.AP.III.D.S8Maintain the recommended airspeed and aircraft configuration until the obstacle is cleared.AP.III.D.S9After clearing the obstacle, establish pitch attitude and aircraft configuration for VY and accelerate to and maintain VY ±5 knots during the climb.AP.III.D.S10Reconfigure the aircraft after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer's guidance.AP.III.D.S11Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.AP.III.D.S12Comply with noise abatement procedures.AP.III.D.S13Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
›Area of Operation IV. In-flight Maneuvers5 tasks
Task A. Steep Turns
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with steep turns.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.IV.A.K1Energy management concepts.AP.IV.A.K2Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:AP.IV.A.K2aMaintaining coordinated flightAP.IV.A.K2bOverbanking tendenciesAP.IV.A.K2cManeuvering speed, including the impact of weight changesAP.IV.A.K2dLoad factor and accelerated stallsAP.IV.A.K2eRate and radius of turn
AP.IV.A.R1Spatial disorientation when conducting a steep turn while flying by reference to instruments.AP.IV.A.R2Collision hazards.AP.IV.A.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.IV.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.IV.A.R5Uncoordinated flight.
AP.IV.A.S1Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AP.IV.A.S2Establish the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or, if one is not available, a safe airspeed not to exceed manuevering speed (VA).AP.IV.A.S3Establish a configuration and bank angle as specified by the evaluator and make a coordinated turn of at least 180 degrees solely by reference to instruments.AP.IV.A.S4Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.AP.IV.A.S5Make smooth pitch, bank, and power adjustments as needed.AP.IV.A.S6Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.AP.IV.A.S7Avoid any indication of an impending stall, abnormal flight attitude, or exceeding any structural or operating limitation during any part of the Task.AP.IV.A.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Specific Flight Characteristics
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight and performance characteristics unique to a specific aircraft type.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Inflight Conversion During Straight-and-Level Flight
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with converting from thrust-borne configuration to wing-borne configuration, and returning to thrust-borne configuration.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.IV.C.K1Procedures for changing aircraft configuration.AP.IV.C.K2Aerodynamic effects of changing aircraft configuration.AP.IV.C.K3Flight control operation when converting from thrust-borne to wing-borne configuration, and when converting from wing-borne to thrust-borne configuration, while in straight-and-level flight.AP.IV.C.K4Aircraft performance and limitation charts.AP.IV.C.K5Factors related to weight and balance and center of gravity (CG) envelopes.
AP.IV.C.R1Aircraft performance limitations.AP.IV.C.R2Powerplant failure during conversion.AP.IV.C.R3Aerodynamic stall.AP.IV.C.R4Effects of gross weight and CG.AP.IV.C.R5Rapid configuration or thrust vector changes.AP.IV.C.R6Other hazards specific to the powered-lift make and model.AP.IV.C.R7Altitude variation/vertical speed.AP.IV.C.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.IV.C.S1Convert from thrust-borne configuration to wing-borne configuration during straight-and-level flight.AP.IV.C.S2Convert the aircraft from wing-borne configuration to thrust-borne configuration during straight-andlevel flight.AP.IV.C.S3Utilize proper control technique throughout the maneuver.AP.IV.C.S4Maintain awareness of aircraft performance, limitations, and relative position throughout the maneuver.AP.IV.C.S5Maintain altitude ±100 feet and specified heading ±10° throughout the operation. Achieve and maintain targeted airspeed ±10 knots.AP.IV.C.S6Use the appropriate checklist, if applicable.AP.IV.C.S7Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Task D. Power-On Stall Prevention
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-on stalls.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.IV.D.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in wing-borne configuration, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, aircraft weight and balance, CG, aircraft attitude and configuration.AP.IV.D.K2Stall characteristics and prevention as they relate to aircraft design and impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.AP.IV.D.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.AP.IV.D.K4Effects of autoflight, flight envelope protection in normal and degraded modes, and unexpected disconnects of the autopilot, if applicable to the aircraft used for the evaluation.AP.IV.D.K5Fundamentals of stall recovery.
AP.IV.D.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.AP.IV.D.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AP.IV.D.R3Stall recognition and recovery procedures.AP.IV.D.R4Secondary and accelerated stalls.AP.IV.D.R5Effects of environmental elements on aircraft performance as they related to stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high density altitude).AP.IV.D.R6Collision hazards including aircraft and terrain.AP.IV.D.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.IV.D.S1Clear the area and select an entry altitude that allows the recovery to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AP.IV.D.S2Establish the takeoff, departure, or wing-borne configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver in simulated or actual instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).AP.IV.D.S3Either manually or with the autopilot engaged, smoothly adjust pitch attitude, bank angle not to exceed 20°, and power setting in accordance with evaluator’s instructions to an impending stall.AP.IV.D.S4Acknowledge the cue(s) and initiate a recovery at the first indication of a stall.AP.IV.D.S5Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Flight Manual.AP.IV.D.S6Return to the altitude, heading, aircraft configuration, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.AP.IV.D.S7Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Power-Off Stall Prevention
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-off stalls.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.IV.E.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various aircraft configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, aircraft weight and center of gravity, aircraft attitude, and yaw effects.AP.IV.E.K2Stall characteristics in various flight modes, including impending stall and full stall indications.AP.IV.E.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a stall during flight and actions that can be taken to prevent it.AP.IV.E.K4Effects of autoflight, flight envelope protection in normal and degraded modes, and unexpected disconnects of the autopilot, if applicable to the aircraft used for the evaluation.AP.IV.E.K5Fundamentals of stall avoidance and recovery.AP.IV.E.K6Effects of altitude on performance and flight control effectiveness during a recovery.
AP.IV.E.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.AP.IV.E.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).AP.IV.E.R3Stall recognition and recovery procedures.AP.IV.E.R4Secondary and accelerated stalls.AP.IV.E.R5Effects of environmental elements on aircraft performance as they related to stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high density altitude).AP.IV.E.R6Collision hazards including aircraft and terrain.AP.IV.E.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.IV.E.S1Clear the area and select an entry altitude that allows the recovery to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet above ground level (AGL).AP.IV.E.S2Configure the aircraft in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver in simulated or actual instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).AP.IV.E.S3Either manually or with the autopilot engaged, smoothly adjust pitch attitude, bank angle not to exceed 20°, and power setting in accordance with evaluator’s instructions to an impending stall.AP.IV.E.S4Acknowledge the cue(s) and promptly recover at the first indication of an impending stall (e.g., buffet, stall horn, stick shaker, etc.).AP.IV.E.S5Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Flight Manual.AP.IV.E.S6Configure the aircraft as recommended by the manufacturer and accelerate to VX or VY.AP.IV.E.S7Return to the altitude, heading, aircraft configuration, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.AP.IV.E.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
›Area of Operation V. Instrument Procedures9 tasks
Task A. Instrument Takeoff
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with an instrument takeoff.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.A.R1Selection of a runway based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, surface conditions, lighting, and wind.AP.V.A.R2Wake turbulence.AP.V.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:AP.V.A.R3aRejected takeoffAP.V.A.R3bPotential failure of any powerplant(s) in the takeoff/climb phase of flight with the ceiling or visibility below the minimums for an instrument approach at departure airportAP.V.A.R4Collision hazards.AP.V.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.V.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.V.A.S1Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.AP.V.A.S2Properly set the applicable avionics and flight instruments prior to initiating the takeoff.AP.V.A.S3Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.V.A.S4Verify assigned/correct runway.AP.V.A.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.AP.V.A.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the aircraft on the runway centerline.AP.V.A.S7Perform an instrument takeoff with instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) simulated at or before reaching an altitude of 100 feet above ground level (AGL). If accomplished in a full flight simulator, visibility should be no greater than ¼ mile, or as specified by applicable operations specifications, whichever is lower.AP.V.A.S8Maintain centerline and proper flight control inputs during the takeoff roll.AP.V.A.S9Confirm takeoff power, powerplant and flight instrument indications for the aircraft or per the operator’s procedures.AP.V.A.S10Lift off or depart at the recommended airspeed, establish the desired pitch attitude, and accelerate to the desired airspeed/V-speed.AP.V.A.S11Transition smoothly from visual meteorological conditions (VMC) to actual or simulated instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).AP.V.A.S12Maintain desired heading ±5° and desired airspeeds ±5 knots.AP.V.A.S13Comply with air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions issued by ATC or the evaluator, as appropriate.AP.V.A.S14Complete appropriate after takeoff checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.A.S15Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Departure Procedures
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with instrument departure procedures (DPs).
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-100; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.B.K1Takeoff minimums; (Obstacle) Departure Procedure (ODP), including Visual Climb over the Airport (VCOA) and Diverse Vector Area (Radar Vectors); Standard Instrument Departure (SID), including Area Navigation (RNAV) departure; required climb gradients; U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications; and En Route Charts.AP.V.B.K2Use of a Flight Management System (FMS) or Global Positioning System (GPS) to follow a DP.AP.V.B.K3Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots.AP.V.B.K4Two-way radio communication failure procedures after takeoff.AP.V.B.K5Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).
AP.V.B.S1Select the appropriate instrument departure procedure. Then select, identify (as necessary), and use the appropriate communication and navigation facilities associated with the procedure.AP.V.B.S2Program the FMS prior to departure and set avionics, including flight director and autopilot controls, as appropriate, for the departure, if applicable.AP.V.B.S3Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.B.S4Use current and appropriate navigation publications or databases for the proposed flight.AP.V.B.S5Establish two-way communications with the proper controlling agency, use proper phraseology, comply, in a timely manner, with all ATC instructions and airspace restrictions, and exhibit adequate knowledge of communication failure procedures.AP.V.B.S6Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, clearance, or as directed by the evaluator in a timely manner.AP.V.B.S7Comply with all applicable charted procedures.AP.V.B.S8Maintain the appropriate airspeed ±10 knots, headings ±10°, and altitude ±100 feet, and accurately track a course, radial, or bearing.AP.V.B.S9Conduct the departure phase to a point where, in the opinion of the evaluator, the transition to the en route environment is complete.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Arrival Procedures
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) arrival procedures.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-100; AIM; IFR Enroute Charts; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual; Profile Descent Charts; STARs; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.C.K1Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) charts, U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications, and IFR En Route High and Low Altitude Charts.AP.V.C.K2Use of a Flight Management System (FMS) or GPS to follow a STAR.AP.V.C.K3Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots.AP.V.C.K4Two-way radio communication failure procedures during an arrival.AP.V.C.K5Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).
AP.V.C.R1ATC communications and compliance with published procedures.AP.V.C.R2Limitations of traffic avoidance equipment.AP.V.C.R3Responsibility to use "see and avoid" techniques when possible.AP.V.C.R4Automation management.AP.V.C.R5ATC instructions that modify an arrival or discontinue/resume the aircraft's lateral or vertical navigation on an arrival.
AP.V.C.S1In actual or simulated instrument conditions, select, identify (as necessary) and use the appropriate communication and navigation facilities associated with the arrival.AP.V.C.S2Set FMS and avionics, including flight director and autopilot controls for the arrival, if applicable.AP.V.C.S3Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.C.S4Use current and appropriate navigation publications or databases for the proposed flight.AP.V.C.S5Establish two-way communications with the proper controlling agency, use proper phraseology and comply, in a timely manner, with all ATC instructions and airspace restrictions as well as exhibit adequate knowledge of communication failure procedures.AP.V.C.S6Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, clearance, or as directed by the evaluator in a timely manner.AP.V.C.S7Comply with all applicable charted procedures.AP.V.C.S8Adhere to airspeed restrictions required by regulation, procedure, aircraft limitation, ATC, or the evaluator.AP.V.C.S9Establish rates of descent consistent with the route segment, aircraft operating characteristics and safety.AP.V.C.S10Maintain the appropriate airspeed/V-speed ±10 knots, heading ±10°, altitude ±100 feet, and accurately track radials, courses, and bearings.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Non-precision Approaches
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing non-precision approach procedures.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-108; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.D.K1Procedures and limitations associated with a non-precision approach, including the differences between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach guidance.AP.V.D.K2Navigation system displays and annunciations, modes of operation, and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) lateral accuracy values associated with an RNAV (GPS) approach.AP.V.D.K3Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).AP.V.D.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
AP.V.D.R1Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.AP.V.D.R2Selecting a navigation frequency.AP.V.D.R3Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.AP.V.D.R4Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.AP.V.D.R5An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.AP.V.D.R6Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.AP.V.D.R7Operating below the minimum descent altitude (MDA) without proper visual references.
AP.V.D.S1Accomplish the non-precision instrument approaches selected by the evaluator.AP.V.D.S2Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.AP.V.D.S3Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach.AP.V.D.S4Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.AP.V.D.S5Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.AP.V.D.S6Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.AP.V.D.S7Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.D.S8Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating conditions.AP.V.D.S9Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±5°, airspeed ±10 knots, and accurately track radials, courses, and bearings, prior to beginning the final approach segment.AP.V.D.S10Adjust the published MDA/Derived Decision Altitude (DDA) and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, for factors that include Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs), inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment, etc.AP.V.D.S11Establish a stabilized descent to the appropriate altitude.AP.V.D.S12For the final approach segment, maintain no more than ¼ scale course deviation indicator (CDI) deflection, airspeed ±5 knots of selected value, and altitude above MDA +50/-0 feet [to the visual descent point (VDP) or missed approach point (MAP)].AP.V.D.S13Assess if the required visual references are available, and either initiate the missed approach procedure or continue for landing.AP.V.D.S14Use a Multi-Function Display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Precision Approaches
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing precision approach procedures.
References: 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.E.K1Procedures and limitations associated with a precision approach, including determining required descent rates and adjusting minimums in the case of inoperative equipment.AP.V.E.K2Navigation system displays, annunciations, and modes of operation.AP.V.E.K3Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).AP.V.E.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
AP.V.E.R1Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.AP.V.E.R2Selecting a navigation frequency.AP.V.E.R3Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.AP.V.E.R4Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.AP.V.E.R5An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.AP.V.E.R6Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.AP.V.E.R7Continuing to descend below the Decision Altitude (DA)/Decision Height (DH) when the required visual references are not visible.
AP.V.E.S1Accomplish the precision instrument approaches selected by the evaluator.AP.V.E.S2Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.AP.V.E.S3Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach.AP.V.E.S4Comply in a timely manner with all clearances, instructions, and procedures.AP.V.E.S5Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.AP.V.E.S6Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.AP.V.E.S7Conduct the approach briefing, coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.E.S8Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating conditions.AP.V.E.S9Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±5°, airspeed ±10 knots, and accurately track radials, courses, and bearings, prior to beginning the final approach segment.AP.V.E.S10Adjust the published DA/DH and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, to account for NOTAMS, inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment.AP.V.E.S11Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where vertical guidance begins, which approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the vertical guidance.AP.V.E.S12Maintain a stabilized final approach from the Final Approach Fix (FAF) to DA/DH allowing no more than ¼-scale deflection of either the vertical or lateral guidance indications and maintain the desired airspeed ±5 knots.AP.V.E.S13Assess if the required visual references are available, and either initiate the missed approach procedure or continue for landing.AP.V.E.S14Use an MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Landing from a Precision Approach
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing procedures for a landing from an instrument approach. To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing procedures for a landing from an instrument approach.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25
AP.V.F.K1Elements related to the pilot’s responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a precision approach.AP.V.F.K2Approach lighting systems and runway and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.AP.V.F.K3Appropriate landing profiles and aircraft configurations.
AP.V.F.R1Selection of an approach procedure and runway based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.AP.V.F.R2Wake turbulence.AP.V.F.R3Missed Approach.AP.V.F.R4Collision hazards.AP.V.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.V.F.R6Attempting to land from an unstable approach.AP.V.F.R7Flying below the glidepath.AP.V.F.R8Transitioning from instrument to visual references for landing.
AP.V.F.S1Transition at the DA/DH to a visual flight condition, allowing for safe visual maneuvering and a normal landing.AP.V.F.S2Adhere to all ATC or evaluator advisories, such as NOTAMs, windshear, wake turbulence, runway surface, and other operational considerations.AP.V.F.S3Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.F.S4Maintain positive aircraft control throughout the landing maneuver.AP.V.F.S5Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.V.F.S6Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Circling Approach
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing a circling approach procedure.
References: 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.G.R1Prescribed circling approach procedures.AP.V.G.R2Executing a circling approach at night or with marginal visibility.AP.V.G.R3Losing visual contact with an identifiable part of the airport.AP.V.G.R4Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.AP.V.G.R5Management of altitude, airspeed, or distance while circling.AP.V.G.R6Collision hazards.AP.V.G.R7Executing a missed approach after the MAP while circling.
AP.V.G.S1Comply with the circling approach procedure considering turbulence, windshear, and the maneuvering capability and approach category of the aircraft.AP.V.G.S2Confirm the direction of traffic and adhere to all restrictions and instructions issued by ATC or the evaluator.AP.V.G.S3Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.G.S4Establish the approach and landing configuration. Maintain a stabilized approach and a descent rate that ensures arrival at the MDA, or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA, prior to the missed approach point.AP.V.G.S5Maintain airspeed ±5 knots, desired heading/track ±5°, and altitude +100/-0 feet until descending below the MDA or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA.AP.V.G.S6Visually maneuver to a base or downwind leg appropriate for the landing runway and environmental conditions.AP.V.G.S7If a missed approach occurs, turn in the appropriate direction using the correct procedure and appropriately configure the aircraft.AP.V.G.S8If landing, initiate a stabilized descent. Touch down on the first one-third of the selected runway without excessive maneuvering, without exceeding the normal operating limits of the aircraft, and without exceeding 30° of bank.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task H. Missed Approach
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with performing a missed approach procedure.
References: 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.H.R1Deviations from prescribed procedures or ATC instructions.AP.V.H.R2Holding, diverting, or electing to fly the approach again.AP.V.H.R3Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.AP.V.H.R4Factors that might lead to executing a missed approach procedure before the MAP or to a go-around below DA, DH, or MDA, as applicable.AP.V.H.R5Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
AP.V.H.S1Promptly initiate the missed approach procedure and report it to ATC.AP.V.H.S2Apply the appropriate power setting and aircraft configuration for the flight conditions to obtain the desired performance.AP.V.H.S3Configure the aircraft, if appropriate, and at a safe altitude, and establish a positive rate of climb and the appropriate airspeed/V-speed, ±5 knots.AP.V.H.S4Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate procedures and checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.V.H.S5Comply with the published or alternate missed approach procedure.AP.V.H.S6Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, or climb gradient.AP.V.H.S7Maintain the heading, course, or bearing ±5°, and altitude(s) ±100 feet during the missed approach procedure where applicable.AP.V.H.S8Use an MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and track to help navigate the missed approach.AP.V.H.S9Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.V.H.S10Re-engage autopilot, if installed, at appropriate times during the missed approach procedure.AP.V.H.S11Request ATC clearance to attempt another approach, proceed to the alternate airport, holding fix, or other clearance limit, as appropriate, or as directed by the evaluator.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task I. Holding Procedures
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with holding procedures.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-74; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.V.I.K1Elements related to holding procedures, including reporting criteria, appropriate speeds, and recommended entry procedures for standard, nonstandard, published, and non-published holding patterns.AP.V.I.K2Determining holding endurance based upon factors, including an expect further clearance (EFC) time, fuel on board, fuel flow while holding, fuel required to destination and alternate, etc., as appropriate.AP.V.I.K3When to declare minimum fuel or a fuel-related emergency.AP.V.I.K4Use of automation for holding, including autopilot and flight management systems, if equipped.
AP.V.I.R1Recalculating fuel reserves if assigned an unanticipated expect further clearance (EFC) time.AP.V.I.R2Scenarios and circumstances that could result in minimum fuel or the need to declare an emergency.AP.V.I.R3Scenarios that could lead to holding, including deteriorating weather at the planned destination.AP.V.I.R4Holding entry and wind correction while holding.AP.V.I.R5Holding while in icing conditions.AP.V.I.R6Automation management.
AP.V.I.S1Correctly identify instrument navigation aids associated with the assigned hold.AP.V.I.S2Use an entry procedure appropriate for a standard, nonstandard, published, or non-published holding pattern.AP.V.I.S3Change to the appropriate holding airspeed for the aircraft and holding altitude to cross the holding fix at or below maximum holding airspeed.AP.V.I.S4Comply with the holding pattern leg length and other restrictions, if applicable, associated with the holding pattern.AP.V.I.S5Comply with ATC reporting requirements.AP.V.I.S6Use proper wind correction procedures to maintain the desired pattern and to arrive over the fix as close as possible to a specified time.AP.V.I.S7Maintain specified airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, headings ±10°, and accurately track a selected course, radial, or bearing.AP.V.I.S8If available, use automation, including autopilot, flight director controls, and navigation displays associated with the assigned hold.AP.V.I.S9Update fuel reserve calculations based on EFC times.
›Area of Operation VI. Landings and Approaches to Landings5 tasks
Task A. Normal Approach and Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with a normal approach and landing.
References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VI.A.R1Arrival point selection.AP.VI.A.R2Effects of:AP.VI.A.R2aCrosswindAP.VI.A.R2bWindshearAP.VI.A.R2cTailwindAP.VI.A.R2dWake turbulenceAP.VI.A.R2eRunway/arrival point surface/conditionAP.VI.A.R3Planning for:AP.VI.A.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAP.VI.A.R3bPowerplant failure during the approachAP.VI.A.R4Collision hazards.AP.VI.A.R5Distractions and task management, lapse in situational awareness, and identifying the airport surface approach and landing area.
AP.VI.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VI.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VI.A.S3Use manufacturer's recommended technique and remain within airspeed range allowed for each configuration change.AP.VI.A.S4Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions and select a suitable landing point.AP.VI.A.S5Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.AP.VI.A.S6Fly a stabilized approach.AP.VI.A.S7Execute a timely go-around for any condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AP.VI.A.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task B. Normal Approach to a Hover
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with approach profile to a hover.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VI.B.K1Types of approaches and applicability.AP.VI.B.K2Performance data and the height velocity (H/V) diagram.AP.VI.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on approach and hover performance.AP.VI.B.K4Wind correction techniques on approach and hover.AP.VI.B.K5Aircraft configurations for the approach and hover.AP.VI.B.K6Aircraft performance and limitations.
AP.VI.B.R1Selection of runway/helipad/touchdown point based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.AP.VI.B.R2Effects of:AP.VI.B.R2aCrosswindAP.VI.B.R2bWindshearAP.VI.B.R2cTailwindAP.VI.B.R2dWake turbulenceAP.VI.B.R2eVortex ring state (VRS)AP.VI.B.R2fRunway/arrival point surface/conditionAP.VI.B.R3Situations including:AP.VI.B.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAP.VI.B.R3bPowerplant failure during the approachAP.VI.B.R4Collision hazards.AP.VI.B.R5Flat light conditions.AP.VI.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VI.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VI.B.S2Comply with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions and make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VI.B.S3Use the appropriate techniques and aircraft configurations through all stages of the approach.AP.VI.B.S4Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions and select a suitable hover point.AP.VI.B.S5Maintain appropriate ground track with crosswind correction throughout the approach.AP.VI.B.S6Fly a stabilized approach.AP.VI.B.S7Arrive over the arrival point at a stabilized hover ±2 feet.AP.VI.B.S8Execute a timely go-around for any condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AP.VI.B.S9Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.VI.B.S10Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Steep Approach and Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with a steep approach to the surface.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VI.C.K1A stabilized steep approach.AP.VI.C.K2Approach techniques and applicability.AP.VI.C.K3Performance data and the height velocity (H/V) diagram.AP.VI.C.K4Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance.AP.VI.C.K5Wind correction techniques.AP.VI.C.K6Aircraft configuration.AP.VI.C.K7Aircraft performance and limitations.
AP.VI.C.R1Selection of the approach path and landing area.AP.VI.C.R2Effects of:AP.VI.C.R2aCrosswindAP.VI.C.R2bWindshearAP.VI.C.R2cTailwindAP.VI.C.R2dWake turbulenceAP.VI.C.R2eVortex ring state (VRS)AP.VI.C.R2fLanding point conditionAP.VI.C.R3Planning for:AP.VI.C.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundAP.VI.C.R3bPowerplant failure during the approachAP.VI.C.R4Landing in an area or in conditions where a takeoff/climb may not be possible.AP.VI.C.R5Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) and flat light conditions.AP.VI.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VI.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VI.C.S2Position the flight controls, including the thrust vector, for the prevailing environmental conditions.AP.VI.C.S3Maintain awareness of aircraft performance, limitations, and relative position throughout the maneuver.AP.VI.C.S4Arrive over the touchdown point on the surface ±5 feet from intended landing point or, at the discretion of the evaluator, at a stabilized hover ±5 feet height.AP.VI.C.S5Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.AP.VI.C.S6Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.VI.C.S7Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Running/Roll-On Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with running/roll-on landing operation.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VI.D.R1Situations including:AP.VI.D.R1aPowerplant failure during approachAP.VI.D.R1bRejected landingAP.VI.D.R2Effects of:AP.VI.D.R2aCrosswindAP.VI.D.R2bWindshearAP.VI.D.R2cTailwindAP.VI.D.R2dWake turbulenceAP.VI.D.R2eRunway surface/conditionAP.VI.D.R3Collision hazards.AP.VI.D.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.VI.D.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VI.D.S1Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s), prior to takeoff.AP.VI.D.S2Ensure the aircraft is correctly configured for the landing.AP.VI.D.S3Comply with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions and make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VI.D.S4Maintain a ground track that ensures the desired traffic pattern flown takes into consideration obstructions and ATC or evaluator instructions.AP.VI.D.S5Ensure the aircraft is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.AP.VI.D.S6Consider the wind conditions, aircraft performance, landing surface, obstructions, and select a suitable touchdown point.AP.VI.D.S7Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.AP.VI.D.S8Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.AP.VI.D.S9Touch down at the appropriate speed, aircraft configuration and pitch attitude.AP.VI.D.S10On touchdown, maintain proper ground track.AP.VI.D.S11After touchdown, reconfigure the aircraft for surface/hover taxi.AP.VI.D.S12Execute a timely go-around for any condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.AP.VI.D.S13Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.VI.D.S14Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task E. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with a go-around/rejected landing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VI.E.K1Situations and considerations on approach that could require a go-around/rejected landing.AP.VI.E.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions on a go-around or rejected landing.AP.VI.E.K3Aircraft configuration changes and techniques for the go-around.AP.VI.E.K4Go-around/rejected landing procedures, the importance of a timely decision, and appropriate airspeeds for the maneuver.AP.VI.E.K5Wind correction techniques.
AP.VI.E.R1Recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.AP.VI.E.R2Aircraft performance.AP.VI.E.R3Application of power.AP.VI.E.R4Aircraft configuration.AP.VI.E.R5Collision hazards.AP.VI.E.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.VI.E.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VI.E.S1Make a timely decision to go-around/reject the landing.AP.VI.E.S2Apply the appropriate power setting for the flight condition and establish an aircraft configuration necessary to obtain the desired performance.AP.VI.E.S3Establish a positive rate of climb and the appropriate airspeed ±5 knots.AP.VI.E.S4Configure the aircraft, as appropriate.AP.VI.E.S5Maintain the ground track, heading, or course appropriate for the conditions, or as specified by ATC or the evaluator.AP.VI.E.S6Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VI.E.S7Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VI.E.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.AP.VI.E.S9Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
›Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations8 tasks
Task A. Emergency Procedures
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency procedures.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-74; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.VII.A.K1Declaring an emergency and selection of a suitable airport or landing location.AP.VII.A.K2Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or powerplant fire).AP.VII.A.K3Causes of inflight fire or smoke.AP.VII.A.K4Aircraft decompression.AP.VII.A.K5When an emergency evacuation may be necessary.AP.VII.A.K6Actions required if icing conditions exceed the capabilities of the aircraft.
AP.VII.A.R1Selection of the procedures or checklists to follow in an emergency.AP.VII.A.R2Multiple failures or system abnormalities.AP.VII.A.R3Altitude, wind, terrain, and obstruction considerations in an emergency.AP.VII.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VII.A.S1Explain or describe an emergency procedure for a situation(s) presented by the evaluator.AP.VII.A.S2Use proper procedures for the emergency situation(s) presented by the evaluator.AP.VII.A.S3Fly by reference to standby flight instruments, backup instrumentation, or partial panel, if applicable and appropriate to the situation.AP.VII.A.S4Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) in a timely manner.AP.VII.A.S5Notify/coordinate with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions as required.AP.VII.A.S6Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Task B. Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated) during Takeoff in Thrust-Borne Flight
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with indications and pilot actions after powerplant(s) failure during takeoff while the aircraft is predominantly in thrust-borne flight in a multi-powerplant aircraft.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VII.B.K1Aircraft performance and limitations, (e.g., height velocity (H/V) diagram information).AP.VII.B.K2Factors involved in determining a valid go/no-go decision.AP.VII.B.K3Recognition of powerplant(s) failure.AP.VII.B.K4Pilot actions required on recognition of powerplant(s) failure, including checklist memory items.AP.VII.B.K5Aircraft configuration for landing with powerplant(s) failure.AP.VII.B.K6Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.
AP.VII.B.S1Recognize powerplant failures(s), maintain control, use manufacturer’s memory item procedures, and use appropriate emergency procedures.AP.VII.B.S2Use flight controls in the proper combination and aircraft configuration as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.AP.VII.B.S3Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.AP.VII.B.S4Land the aircraft, as appropriate to the scenario presented by the evaluator.AP.VII.B.S5Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VII.B.S6Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VII.B.S7Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The task outcome can be vertical or rolling depending on aircraft capabilities, configuration, and flight manual procedures.
Task C. Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated) during Takeoff While in Semi-Wing-Borne Flight
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with indications and pilot actions after powerplant(s) failure during takeoff while in semi-wing-borne flight in a multi-powerplant aircraft.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VII.C.K1The procedures used during a powerplant(s) failure on takeoff, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required.AP.VII.C.K2Operational considerations to include: aircraft performance (e.g., sideslip, bank angle, etc.), takeoff warning systems, runway length, surface conditions, density altitude, wake turbulence, environmental conditions, obstructions, and other related factors that could adversely affect safety.
AP.VII.C.R1Powerplant(s) failure.AP.VII.C.R2Reaction to the loss of power from one or more powerplants.AP.VII.C.R3Deceleration in a space-limited environment.AP.VII.C.R4Windshear.AP.VII.C.R5Dividing attention inside and outside the aircraft.AP.VII.C.R6Runway incursion.AP.VII.C.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.VII.C.R8Abnormal operations, including planning for.AP.VII.C.R8aRejected takeoffAP.VII.C.R8bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightAP.VII.C.R9Energy management.
AP.VII.C.S1Recognize that a powerplant failure has occurred while performing a rolling takeoff.AP.VII.C.S2Input the appropriate flight control(s) and configure the aircraft for maximum deceleration.AP.VII.C.S3Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.AP.VII.C.S4Land the aircraft, as appropriate to the scenario presented by the evaluator.AP.VII.C.S5Apply braking as appropriate.AP.VII.C.S6Refer to the checklist to ensure that the emergency procedure was followed correctly.AP.VII.C.S7Make radio calls as appropriate.AP.VII.C.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. This can be initiated during the takeoff roll in wheeled aircraft or during the transition to wing-borne flight following a vertical takeoff.
Task D. Inflight Powerplant(s) Failure and Restart in Multi-Powerplant Aircraft
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with an inflight powerplant(s) failure and restart, if applicable, in a multi-powerplant powered-lift aircraft.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VII.D.K1Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering the aircraft with powerplant(s) inoperative, including the importance of drag reduction and appropriate aircraft configuration.AP.VII.D.K2Aircraft/powerplant limitations.AP.VII.D.K3Powerplant restart procedures and conditions where a restart attempt is appropriate.AP.VII.D.K4Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.
AP.VII.D.R1Potential powerplant(s) failure during flight.AP.VII.D.R2Following checklist procedures for a powerplant(s) failure or a powerplant(s) restart.AP.VII.D.R3Identifying the powerplant(s) that failed.AP.VII.D.R4Collision hazards.AP.VII.D.R5Aircraft configuration.AP.VII.D.R6Factors and situations that could lead to loss of control with an inflight powerplant(s) failure.AP.VII.D.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
AP.VII.D.S1Recognize and correctly identify powerplant(s) failure, complete memory items (if applicable), and maintain positive aircraft control.AP.VII.D.S2Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate emergency procedures and checklist(s) for powerplant shutdown.AP.VII.D.S3Use flight controls and configure the aircraft in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required, to maintain best performance, and trim as required.AP.VII.D.S4Determine the cause for the powerplant(s) failure and if a restart is a viable option.AP.VII.D.S5Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.AP.VII.D.S6Maintain the airspeed ±10 knots, the specified heading ±10°, and altitude ±100 feet as specified by the evaluator and within the aircraft’s capability.AP.VII.D.S7Consider a powerplant restart and, if appropriate, demonstrate the powerplant restart procedures in accordance with the manufacturer or operator specified procedures and checklists.AP.VII.D.S8Select the nearest suitable airport or landing area.AP.VII.D.S9Communicate with air traffic control (ATC) and the evaluator, as appropriate for the situation.AP.VII.D.S10Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Approach and Landing with Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with approach and landing with simulated powerplant(s) failure.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VII.E.K1Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering to a landing with inoperative powerplant(s).AP.VII.E.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.AP.VII.E.K3Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.AP.VII.E.K4Appropriate approach and landing profiles and aircraft configurations.AP.VII.E.K5Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.AP.VII.E.K6Go-around/rejected landing procedures with a powerplant failure.
AP.VII.E.R1Planning for a powerplant failure inflight or during an approach.AP.VII.E.R2Planning and following a flightpath to the selected landing area.AP.VII.E.R3Collision hazards.AP.VII.E.R4Flight control input(s).AP.VII.E.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.VII.E.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.VII.E.R7Performing a go-around/rejected landing with a powerplant failure.
AP.VII.E.S1Recognize and correctly identify powerplant(s) failure, complete memory items (if applicable), and maintain positive aircraft control.AP.VII.E.S2Follow the manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.AP.VII.E.S3Use flight controls and configure the aircraft as required to maintain best performance or as recommended by the manufacturer.AP.VII.E.S4Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.AP.VII.E.S5Communicate with air traffic control (ATC) and the evaluator, as appropriate for the situation.AP.VII.E.S6Proceed toward the nearest suitable airport or landing area.AP.VII.E.S7Prior to beginning the final approach segment, maintain the desired altitude ±100 feet, the desired airspeed ±10 knots, the desired heading ±5°, and accurately track courses, radials, and bearings.AP.VII.E.S8Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, ±5 knots, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.AP.VII.E.S9Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.AP.VII.E.S10Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete after landing checklists.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Precision Approach (Manually Flown) with Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with a precision approach (manually flown) with powerplant(s) failure (simulated).
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual; Terminal Procedures Publications
AP.VII.F.R1Planning for a powerplant failure inflight or during an approach.AP.VII.F.R2Collision hazards.AP.VII.F.R3Aircraft configuration.AP.VII.F.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).AP.VII.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.VII.F.R6Landing with a powerplant failure.AP.VII.F.R7Missed approach with a powerplant failure.AP.VII.F.R8Maneuvering in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) with a powerplant failure.
AP.VII.F.S1Recognize and correctly identify powerplant(s) failure, complete memory items (if applicable), and maintain positive aircraft control.AP.VII.F.S2Complete the appropriate emergency procedures and checklist(s).AP.VII.F.S3Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.AP.VII.F.S4Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.AP.VII.F.S5Notify/coordinate with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions as required.AP.VII.F.S6Proceed toward the nearest suitable landing location.AP.VII.F.S7Complete the approach and landing checklists.AP.VII.F.S8Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating conditions.AP.VII.F.S9Prior to beginning the final approach segment, maintain the desired altitude ±100 feet, the desired airspeed ±10 knots, the desired heading ±5°, and accurately track courses, radials, and bearings.AP.VII.F.S10Apply adjustments to the published decision altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, for factors that include Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs), inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment, etc.AP.VII.F.S11Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where vertical guidance begins, which approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the vertical guidance.AP.VII.F.S12Fly and maintain a stabilized approach, adjusting pitch and power as required, allowing no more than ¼-scale deflection of either the vertical or lateral guidance indications.AP.VII.F.S13Maintain a stabilized final approach from the Final Approach Fix (FAF) to DA/DH allowing no more than ¼-scale deflection (either side of the center position) of the vertical or lateral guidance indications and maintain the desired airspeed ±5 knots.AP.VII.F.S14Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing or missed approach.AP.VII.F.S15Assess if the required visual references are available, and either initiate the missed approach procedure or continue for landing.AP.VII.F.S16Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown or during the missed approach.AP.VII.F.S17Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VII.G.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.AP.VII.G.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.AP.VII.G.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).AP.VII.G.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
AP.VII.G.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).AP.VII.G.R2Assessment of the unusual attitude.AP.VII.G.R3Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.AP.VII.G.R4Collision hazards.AP.VII.G.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.AP.VII.G.R6Interpreting flight instruments.AP.VII.G.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.AP.VII.G.R8Operating envelope considerations.
AP.VII.G.S1Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.AP.VII.G.S2Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task H. Vortex Ring State (VRS) Avoidance
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge and risk management associated with preventing the aircraft from entering and the procedure for recovering from Vortex Ring State (VRS).
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; FSB Report (type specific); Flight Manual
AP.VII.H.K1Elements of vortex ring state.AP.VII.H.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.AP.VII.H.K3Requirements for the formation of VRS.AP.VII.H.K4Aircraft systems that aid the pilot in avoiding VRS, if applicable.AP.VII.H.K5Aerodynamics and indications of VRS.AP.VII.H.K6Flight scenarios under which VRS can occur.AP.VII.H.K7Asymmetric VRS, if applicable.AP.VII.H.K8Effective recovery techniques.AP.VII.H.K9Control inputs and configuration changes to recover from VRS.
Note: Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
›Area of Operation VIII. Postflight Procedures1 tasks
Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with after landing, parking, and securing procedures.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
AP.VIII.A.S1Minimize any hazardous effects of thrust/downwash during hover, if applicable.AP.VIII.A.S2Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.AP.VIII.A.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).AP.VIII.A.S4Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.AP.VIII.A.S5Secure the aircraft.
Note: s to emphasize special considerations. During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency, and operational skill in accordance with the ACS. The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example, AP.I.A.K2: AP = Applicable ACS I = Area of Operation A = Task K2 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 2) There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes tested from each applicable Task include: • any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable; • at least one knowledge element; • at least one risk management element; and • all skill elements unless otherwise noted. The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test. The Tasks listed above that are normally required to be performed by reference to instruments would be conducted using visual references for the purposes of a VFR only type rating. Removal of a VFR Only Type Rating A Specific “VFR Only” limitation may be removed for that aircraft type after the applicant passes a practical test on the Areas of Operations and Tasks in that type of aircraft in actual or simulated instrument conditions shown in the table below. Area of Operation Required Tasks IV D,E V All VII F,G Appendix 2: Safety of Flight Appendix 2: Safety of Flight General Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test. Stall, Spin, Angle of Attack Awareness An applicant, instructor, and evaluator must avoid operations that lead to inadvertent high angle of attack flight that may lead to loss of control, when thrust-borne-lift is insufficient for wing-borne flight. Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action “memory” items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit. In a single-pilot aircraft, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots: • When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” • The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” • The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange. Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is flying the aircraft should not occur. Use of Distractions Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck. Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource