AP.VI.D.R2d

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-9
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Wingtip Vortices › Avoiding Wake Turbulence

  Helicopter vortices should be avoided because helicopter forward flight airspeeds are often very slow and can generate exceptionally strong wake turbulence. Wind is an important factor in avoiding wake turbulence because wingtip vortices drift with the wind at the speed ... period of time and hasten the drift of the downwind vortex toward another runway (bottom). safety that allows wake turbulence dissipation. [Figure 5-15] For more information on wake turbulence, see Advisory Circular (AC) 90-23, Aircraft Wake Turbulence…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-26
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Wake Turbulence

  Wake Turbulence All aircraft generate wake turbulence during flight. This disturbance is caused by a pair of counter-rotating vortices trailing from the wingtips. The vortices from larger aircraft pose problems to encountering aircraft. The wake of these aircraft ... encountering aircraft. Also, the turbulence generated within the vortices can damage aircraft components and equipment if encountered at close range. For this reason, a pilot must envision the location of the vortex wake and adjust the flight path accordingly. Vortex…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 2-10
  Chapter 2: Aeronautical Decision-Making › Hazard and Risk › V = EnVironment

  landing a small airplane just after a heavy jet had departed a parallel runway. The pilot assumed that wake turbulence would not be a problem since landings had been performed under similar circumstances. Due to a combination of prevailing winds ... wake turbulence from the heavy jet drifting across the landing runway, the airplane made a hard landing. The pilot made an error when assessing the flight environment…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-27
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Wake Turbulence › Terminal Area

  Vortex Strength Terminal Area Wake turbulence has historically been thought of as only a function of aircraft weight, but recent research considers additional parameters, such as speed, aspects of the wing, wake decay rates, and aircraft resistance to wake, just ... heavy, slow, and clean, since the turbulence from a “dirty” aircraft configuration hastens wake decay. En Route En route wake turbulence events have been influenced by changes to the aircraft fleet mix that have more “Super” (A380) and “Heavy…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. G-34
  Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

  period of time in a light, twin-engine airplane following an engine failure. WAAS. See wide area augmentation system. Wake turbulence. Wingtip vortices that are created when an airplane generates lift. When an airplane generates lift, air spills over ... pressure areas above them. This flow causes rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip vortices or wake turbulence…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-1
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-2. Vortex Generation

  Section 4. Wake Turbulence 7-4-1. General a. Every aircraft generates wake turbulence while in flight. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, resulting in the formation of two counter-rotating vortices trailing behind the aircraft ... Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength, duration, and direction of the vortices. Wake turbulence can impose rolling moments exceeding the roll-control authority of encountering aircraft, causing possible injury to occupants…