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  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

    aircraft leaving ground effect after takeoff encounters just the reverse of an aircraft entering ground effect during landing. The aircraft leaving ground effect will: • Require an increase in AOA to maintain the same CL • Experience an increase in induced drag ... nose-up change in moment • Experience a reduction in static source pressure and increase in indicated airspeed Ground effect must be considered during takeoffs and landings. For example, if a pilot fails to understand the relationship between the aircraft…

  • Chapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots › Section 1. Fitness for Flight › 8-1-7. Aerobatic Flight

    lower part of the body as in the case of rapid pull-up maneuvers and with the same physiologic effects and symptoms. e. Physiologically, humans progressively adapt to imposed strains and stress, and with practice, any maneuver will have decreasing ... effect. Tolerance to G forces is dependent on human physiology and the individual pilot. These factors include the skeletal anatomy, the cardiovascular architecture, the nervous system, the quality of the blood, the general physical state, and experience and recency…

  • Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Causes of Errors › Physiological Effects

    Physiological Effects Some of the items listed on the I’m Safe checklist (illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue) have the potential to cause pilot errors. For example, it may become difficult or impossible for a stressed or fatigued pilot ... pilot’s individual sense of vision combined with all the visual signals received at the same time. Psychological Effects Psychological effects include stress, emotion, expectation bias, and the effects of personality. Stress & Emotion…

  • Chapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots › Section 1. Fitness for Flight › 8-1-2. Effects of Altitude

    physically and mentally safe to fly; not being impaired by: Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Emotion 8-1-2. Effects of Altitude a. Hypoxia. 1. Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions ... deterioration in night vision occurs at a cabin pressure altitude as low as 5,000 feet, other significant effects of altitude hypoxia usually do not occur in the normal healthy pilot below 12,000 feet. From…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 2. Barometric Altimeter Errors and Setting Procedures › 7-3-3. Effects of Cold Temperature on Baro-Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Vertical Guidance

    temperature is the same as the temperature used to calculate the altitude correction during preflight planning. 7-3-3. Effects of Cold Temperature on Baro-Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Vertical Guidance Non-standard temperatures can result in a change to effective ... standard temperature will result in a steeper angle and increased descent rate. Pilots should consider potential consequences of these effects on approach minima, power settings, sight picture, visual cues, etc., especially for high-altitude or terrain-challenged locations and during…

  • 14 CFR Part 121, Appendix L to Part 121—Type Certification Regulations Made Previously Effective

    Part 121, Appendix L to Part 121—Type Certification Regulations Made Previously Effective application for type certificate filed prior to May 1, 1972; substantially complete replacement of cabin interior on or after May 1, 1972 | Provisions ... effect on April 30, 1972: 14 CFR parts 1 to 59, Revised as of January 1, 1972. § 121.312(a)(3)(i) | Transport category type certificated after January 1, 1958; nontransport category type certificated after January 1, 1958, but before January…