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  • Chapter 10: Advanced Flight Maneuvers › Steep Approach

    cyclic pressure to maintain altitude. 2. Initially applying aft cyclic stick too rapidly, causing the helicopter to balloon (climb). 3. Failing to effectively control the rate of deceleration to accomplish the desired results. 4. Allowing the helicopter to stop forward ... vortex ring state (20–100 percent of available power applied, airspeed of less than 10 knots, and a rate of descent greater than 300 feet per minute (fpm)). For additional information on vortex ring state (formerly referenced as settling-with…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Landing Performance

    each 1,000 feet of altitude. Proper accounting of density altitude is necessary to accurately predict landing distance. The effect of proper landing speed is important when runway lengths and landing distances are critical. The landing speeds specified ... stall, be difficult to control, or develop high rates of descent. On the other hand, an excessive speed at landing may improve the controllability slightly (especially in crosswinds) but causes an undesirable increase in landing distance. A ten percent excess…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Autorotation

    done immediately in case of an engine failure), lift and drag are reduced, and the helicopter begins an immediate descent, thus producing an upward flow of air through the rotor disk. This upward flow of air through the rotor disk ... provides sufficient thrust to maintain rotor rpm throughout the descent. Since the tail rotor is driven by the main rotor transmission during autorotation, heading control is maintained with the antitorque pedals as in normal flight. Several factors affect the rate…

  • Appendix C: Certificates, Ratings, and Endorsements › Flight Instructor Endorsements

    training and make logbook endorsements for pilots who are already certificated such as sport, recreational, private, commercial, and instrument rated pilots, as well as for other flight instructors. Typical endorsements include but are not limited to flight reviews, instrument proficiency ... checks, the additional training required for high performance, high altitude, and tail wheel aircraft, and types of glider launches. Additional rating applicants (e.g., multiengine add-on, seaplane add-on, glider add-on, helicopter add-on) are rated pilots…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Climb Performance Factors › Range Performance

    line that is tangent to the sea level power curve is also tangent to the altitude power curve. The effect of altitude on specific range can also be appreciated from the previous relationships. If a change in altitude causes identical ... this is true to the extent that specific fuel consumption and propeller efficiency are the principal factors that could cause a variation of specific range with altitude. If compressibility effects are negligible, any variation of specific range with altitude…

  • Chapter 9: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Normal Descent › Technique

    thrust to lift ratio does not change: aft cyclic results in a climb, and forward cyclic results in a descent with the corresponding airspeed changes. To level off from the descent, lead the desired altitude by approximately 10 percent ... rate of descent. For example, a 500-fpm rate of descent would require a 50-foot lead. At this point, increase the collective to obtain cruising power, adjust the throttle to maintain rpm, and increase left antitorque pedal pressure…