Flight Instructor for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating
›Area of Operation I. Fundamentals of Instructing6 tasks
Task A. Effects of Human Behavior and Communication on the Learning Process
To determine the applicant understands human behavior and effective communication, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.A.K1Elements of human behavior, including:FI.I.A.K1aDefinitions of human behaviorFI.I.A.K1bInstructor and learner relationshipFI.I.A.K1cMotivationFI.I.A.K1dHuman needsFI.I.A.K1eDefense mechanismsFI.I.A.K2Learner emotional reactions, including:FI.I.A.K2aAnxiety and stressFI.I.A.K2bImpatienceFI.I.A.K2cWorry or lack of interestFI.I.A.K2dPhysical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydrationFI.I.A.K2eApathy due to inadequate instructionFI.I.A.K3Teaching the adult learner.FI.I.A.K4Effective communication, including:FI.I.A.K4aBasic elements of communicationFI.I.A.K4bBarriers to effective communicationFI.I.A.K4cDeveloping communication skills
Task B. Learning Process
To determine the applicant understands the learning process, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.B.K1Definitions of learning.FI.I.B.K2Learning theory as it applies to ground and flight instruction, including:FI.I.B.K2aBehaviorismFI.I.B.K2bCognitive TheoryFI.I.B.K3Perceptions and insight.FI.I.B.K4Acquiring knowledge.FI.I.B.K5Laws of learning.FI.I.B.K6Domains of learning, including:FI.I.B.K6aCognitiveFI.I.B.K6bAffectiveFI.I.B.K6cPsychomotorFI.I.B.K7Characteristics of learning.FI.I.B.K8Scenario-based training (SBT).FI.I.B.K9Acquiring skill knowledge, including:FI.I.B.K9aStagesFI.I.B.K9bKnowledge of resultsFI.I.B.K9cHow to develop skillsFI.I.B.K9dLearning plateausFI.I.B.K10Types of practice.FI.I.B.K11Evaluation versus critique.FI.I.B.K12Distractions, interruptions, fixation, and inattention.FI.I.B.K13Errors.FI.I.B.K14Memory, including:FI.I.B.K14aSensoryFI.I.B.K14bShort-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM)FI.I.B.K14cHow usage affects memoryFI.I.B.K14dForgettingFI.I.B.K15Retention of learning.FI.I.B.K16Transfer of learning.
Task C. Course Development, Lesson Plans, and Classroom Training Techniques
To determine the applicant understands the teaching process, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.C.K1Teaching, including:FI.I.C.K1aProcessFI.I.C.K1bEssential skillsFI.I.C.K2Course of training.FI.I.C.K3Preparation of a lesson, including:FI.I.C.K3aTraining objectives and completion standardsFI.I.C.K3bPerformance-based objectivesFI.I.C.K3cImportance of Airman Certification Standards (ACS) in aviation training curriculaFI.I.C.K3dDecision-based objectivesFI.I.C.K4Organization of material.FI.I.C.K5Training delivery methods, including:FI.I.C.K5aLectureFI.I.C.K5bDiscussionFI.I.C.K5cGuided discussionFI.I.C.K5dCooperative or group learningFI.I.C.K5eDemonstration-performanceFI.I.C.K5fDrill and practiceFI.I.C.K6Electronic learning (e-Learning).FI.I.C.K7Instructional aids and training technologies, including:FI.I.C.K7aCharacteristics of effective instructional aidsFI.I.C.K7bReasons for useFI.I.C.K7cGuidelines for useFI.I.C.K7dTypesFI.I.C.K8Integrated flight instruction.FI.I.C.K9Problem-based instruction.FI.I.C.K10Planning instructional activity, including:FI.I.C.K10aBlocks of learningFI.I.C.K10bTraining syllabusFI.I.C.K10cLesson plans
Task D. Student Evaluation, Assessment, and Testing
To determine the applicant understands evaluation and testing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.D.K1Purpose and characteristics of effective assessment.FI.I.D.K2Traditional assessments.FI.I.D.K3Authentic assessments, including:FI.I.D.K3aLearner-centered assessmentFI.I.D.K3bManeuver or procedure gradesFI.I.D.K3cAssessing risk management skillsFI.I.D.K4Choosing an effective assessment method.FI.I.D.K5Purposes and types of critiques.FI.I.D.K6Oral assessment, including:FI.I.D.K6aCharacteristics of effective questionsFI.I.D.K6bTypes of questions to avoidFI.I.D.K6cAnswering learner questionsFI.I.D.K7Assessment of piloting ability.
Task E. Elements of Effective Teaching in a Professional Environment
To determine the applicant understands effects of instructor behavior on effective teaching, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.E.K1Aviation instructor responsibilities, including:FI.I.E.K1aHelping learnersFI.I.E.K1bProviding adequate instructionFI.I.E.K1cTraining to established standards of performanceFI.I.E.K1dEmphasizing the positiveFI.I.E.K1eMinimizing learner frustrationsFI.I.E.K2Flight instructor responsibilities, including supervision and surveillance during training.FI.I.E.K3Flight instructor qualifications and professionalism.FI.I.E.K4Professional development.FI.I.E.K5Instructor ethics and conduct.
Task F. Elements of Effective Teaching that Include Risk Management and Accident Prevention
To determine the applicant understands teaching practical risk management, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
FI.I.F.K1Teaching risk identification, assessment, and mitigation.FI.I.F.K2Teaching risk management tools, including:FI.I.F.K2aPilot/Aircraft/enVironment/External Pressures (PAVE) checklistFI.I.F.K2bFlight Risk Assessment Tools (FRATs)FI.I.F.K3When and how to introduce risk management.FI.I.F.K4Risk management teaching techniques by phase of instruction.FI.I.F.K5Managing risk during flight instruction, including:FI.I.F.K5aCommon flight instruction risksFI.I.F.K5bBest practicesFI.I.F.K5cSpecial considerations while teaching takeoffs and landingsFI.I.F.K6Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
FI.I.F.S1Use scenario-based training (SBT) to demonstrate, teach, and assess risk management and Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) skills in the context of a Task specified by the evaluator.FI.I.F.S2Identify, assess, and mitigate risks commonly associated with flight instruction by maintaining:FI.I.F.S2aAwareness and oversight of the learner’s actions, with timely and appropriate supervision, intervention, or mitigation as neededFI.I.F.S2bAwareness of the learner’s cognitive/physiological state, with timely action to mitigate anxiety, fatigue, or other obstruction to learningFI.I.F.S2cOverall situational awareness of the aircraft’s dynamic state, its position in space, and vigilance for unexpected events or changing circumstances that occur in the environmentFI.I.F.S3Model and teach safety practices, including maintaining:FI.I.F.S3aCollision avoidance while simultaneously providing instructionFI.I.F.S3bAvoidance of unnecessary distractionsFI.I.F.S3cCoordinated flightFI.I.F.S3dAwareness of who is manipulating controls through positive exchange of flight controlsFI.I.F.S3eContinuous awareness of the aircraft’s dynamic state and position in the NAS
Note: The evaluator must select Tasks C and L from this area of operation and at least one other Task.
›Area of Operation II. Technical Subject Areas13 tasks
Task A. Human Factors
To determine the applicant understands personal health, flight physiology, aeromedical and human factors, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.II.A.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:HI.II.A.K1aHypoxiaHI.II.A.K1bHyperventilationHI.II.A.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problemsHI.II.A.K1dSpatial disorientationHI.II.A.K1eMotion sicknessHI.II.A.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoningHI.II.A.K1gStressHI.II.A.K1hFatigueHI.II.A.K1iDehydration and nutritionHI.II.A.K1jHypothermiaHI.II.A.K1kOptical illusionsHI.II.A.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba divesHI.II.A.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.HI.II.A.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.HI.II.A.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
Task B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
To determine the applicant understands visual scanning and collision avoidance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate pilot-in-command skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 90-48; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.II.B.K1Environmental conditions that degrade vision.HI.II.B.K2Vestibular and visual illusions.HI.II.B.K3“See and Avoid” responsibilities.HI.II.B.K4Visual scanning procedure and the importance of peripheral vision.HI.II.B.K5Aircraft blind spots and clearing procedures.HI.II.B.K6Visual cues of an impending mid-air collision.HI.II.B.K7Situations that create the greatest collision risk.HI.II.B.K8Division of attention inside and outside the aircraft.
Task C. Runway Incursion Avoidance
To determine the applicant understands runway incursion avoidance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.II.C.K1Runway incursion definition.HI.II.C.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.HI.II.C.K3The importance of recording taxi instructions and reviewing taxi routes on the airport diagram.HI.II.C.K4Airport markings, signs, and lights including the importance of hold lines associated with runways.HI.II.C.K5Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing, including taxi route planning, briefing the location of Hot Spots, communicating and coordinating with ATC.HI.II.C.K6Communication and operational procedures at uncontrolled airports.
HI.II.C.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.II.C.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.HI.II.C.R3Entering or crossing runways.HI.II.C.R4Night taxi operations.HI.II.C.R5Low visibility taxi operations.HI.II.C.R6Runway incursion after landing.HI.II.C.R7Operating on taxiways between parallel runways.
Task D. Principles of Flight
To determine the applicant understands aerodynamics appropriate to the desired instructor certificate, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.II.D.K1Lift, weight, thrust, and drag.HI.II.D.K2Airfoils, including terminology, definitions, and types.HI.II.D.K3Torque effect and translating tendency.HI.II.D.K4Gyroscopic precession.HI.II.D.K5Blade flapping and coning.HI.II.D.K6Coriolis effect.HI.II.D.K7Pendular action.HI.II.D.K8Dissymmetry of lift.HI.II.D.K9Retreating blade stall.HI.II.D.K10Translational lift, including effective translational lift (ETL).HI.II.D.K11Transverse flow effect.HI.II.D.K12Aerodynamics of autorotative flight.HI.II.D.K13Rotor system characteristics.
Task E. Flight Controls
To determine the applicant understands the flight controls on the helicopter provided for the flight test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
Task F. Operation of Systems
To determine the applicant understands systems on the helicopter provided for the flight test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.II.F.K1Helicopter systems, including:HI.II.F.K1aFlight controls, trim, and if installed, stability controlHI.II.F.K1bPowerplant(s)HI.II.F.K1cMain rotor and antitorque systemsHI.II.F.K1dTransmission and associated drive shaftsHI.II.F.K1eFuel, oil, and hydraulicHI.II.F.K1fLanding gear, brakes, steering, skids, or floats, as applicableHI.II.F.K1gAvionicsHI.II.F.K1hElectricalHI.II.F.K1iPitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instrumentsHI.II.F.K1jEnvironmentalHI.II.F.K1kAnti-icing and deicing, including carburetor heat, if applicableHI.II.F.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator assesses the applicant's knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Task G. Performance and Limitations
To determine the applicant understands helicopter performance and limitations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.II.G.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.HI.II.G.K2Factors affecting performance, including:HI.II.G.K2aAtmospheric conditionsHI.II.G.K2bPilot techniqueHI.II.G.K2cAirport, heliport, helipad, or unprepared surface environmentHI.II.G.K2dLoading and weight and balanceHI.II.G.K2eHelicopter configurationHI.II.G.K3Weight and balance terms, including: basic empty weight, maximum gross weight, arm, moment, reference datum, center of gravity (CG) and CG limits, and useful load.HI.II.G.K4Methods for computing longitudinal/lateral CG.HI.II.G.K5Aerodynamics.HI.II.G.K6Height/Velocity (H/V) diagram according to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM).
HI.II.G.R1Use of performance charts, tables, and data.HI.II.G.R2Helicopter limitations.HI.II.G.R3Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.HI.II.G.R4Exceeding weight limits.HI.II.G.R5Operating outside of CG limits.HI.II.G.R6Shifting, adding, and removing weight.HI.II.G.R7Retreating blade stall.HI.II.G.R8Situations that lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness (LTE).
Task H. National Airspace System
To determine the applicant understands the National Airspace System, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Helicopter Route Charts; VFR Navigation Charts
HI.II.H.K1Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.HI.II.H.K2Chart symbols.HI.II.H.K3Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.HI.II.H.K4Currency of publications.HI.II.H.K5Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
HI.II.H.S1Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.HI.II.H.S2Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.HI.II.H.S3Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.
Task I. Navigation Systems and Radar Services
To determine the applicant understands navigation systems and radar services, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-78; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.II.I.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).HI.II.I.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).HI.II.I.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).HI.II.I.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
HI.II.I.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.HI.II.I.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.II.I.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.HI.II.I.R4Loss of a navigation signal.HI.II.I.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
HI.II.I.S1Use an airborne electronic navigation system.HI.II.I.S2Determine the aircraft's position using the navigation system.HI.II.I.S3Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.HI.II.I.S4Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.HI.II.I.S5Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
Note: The evaluator should reference the manufacturer’s equipment supplement(s) as necessary for appropriate limitations, procedures, etc.
Task J. Navigation and Cross-Country Flight Planning
To determine the applicant understands navigation and cross-country flight planning, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91.21-1; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Helicopter Route Charts; NOTAMs; POH/RFM; VFR Navigation Charts
HI.II.J.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.HI.II.J.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, autorotation requirements of the helicopter, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind.HI.II.J.K3Plotting a course.HI.II.J.K4Power setting selection.HI.II.J.K5Calculating:HI.II.J.K5aTime, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeedHI.II.J.K5bEstimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)HI.II.J.K5cFuel requirements, including reserveHI.II.J.K6Elements of a VFR flight plan.HI.II.J.K7Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.HI.II.J.K8Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan.HI.II.J.K9Magnetic compass errors.HI.II.J.K10Pilotage and dead reckoning.HI.II.J.K11Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.HI.II.J.K12Diversion and lost procedures.HI.II.J.K13Inflight intercept procedures.HI.II.J.K14Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.HI.II.J.K15Chart symbols.
HI.II.J.S1Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis to the first fuel stop.HI.II.J.S2Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.HI.II.J.S3Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.HI.II.J.S4Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
Note: Preparation, presentation, and explanation of a computer-generated flight plan is an acceptable option.
Task K. 14 CFR and Publications
To determine the applicant understands the Code of Federal Regulations and other relevant publications, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; 49 CFR part 830; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
Task L. Endorsements and Logbook Entries
To determine the applicant understands logbook entries and endorsements, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.II.L.K1Required logbook entries for instruction given.HI.II.L.K2Required student pilot pre-solo knowledge test, solo endorsements, and logbook entries.HI.II.L.K3Other required pilot logbook endorsements (e.g., touchdown autorotation, Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR)).HI.II.L.K4Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including appropriate logbook entry and relevant certificate/rating application for:HI.II.L.K4aInitial pilot certificationHI.II.L.K4bAdditional pilot certificationHI.II.L.K4cAdditional aircraft qualificationHI.II.L.K5Endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of an FAA flight review.HI.II.L.K6Required flight instructor records.HI.II.L.K7Flight instructor renewal and reinstatement requirements.
Task M. Night Operations
To determine the applicant understands night operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.II.M.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.HI.II.M.K2Lighting systems identifying airports/heliports/helipads/landing areas, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.HI.II.M.K3Helicopter equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.HI.II.M.K4Personal equipment essential for night flight.HI.II.M.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.HI.II.M.K6Night taxi operations.HI.II.M.K7Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.HI.II.M.K8Use of instruments to verify the aircraft attitude at night.HI.II.M.K9Visual illusions at night.HI.II.M.K10Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
HI.II.M.R1Inoperative equipment.HI.II.M.R2Weather considerations specific to night operations.HI.II.M.R3Collision hazards.HI.II.M.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.II.M.R5Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.HI.II.M.R6Runway incursion.HI.II.M.R7Night currency versus proficiency.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation III. Preflight Preparation3 tasks
Task A. Pilot Qualifications
To determine the applicant understands pilot training and qualification requirements for different levels of pilot certificate including student pilot, recreational pilot, private pilot, commercial pilot, and flight instructor; can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 61, 68, 91; AC 60-28, AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.III.A.K1Certification, currency, and recordkeeping requirements, including training and logbook entries.HI.III.A.K2Privileges and limitations of pilot certificates and ratings at student pilot, recreational, private, commercial, and flight instructor levels.HI.III.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications, and operations under BasicMed.HI.III.A.K4Documents pilots must possess to exercise privileges of the specified certificate(s) and rating(s).
Task B. Airworthiness Requirements
To determine the applicant understands airworthiness requirements, including aircraft certificates, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR parts 27, 29, 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.III.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for helicopters, including:HI.III.B.K1aLocation and expiration dates of required aircraft certificatesHI.III.B.K1bRequired inspections and aircraft logbook documentationHI.III.B.K1cAirworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information BulletinsHI.III.B.K1dPurpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permitHI.III.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.HI.III.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:HI.III.B.K3aFlying with inoperative equipmentHI.III.B.K3bUsing an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)HI.III.B.K3cKinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)HI.III.B.K3dRequired discrepancy records or placardsHI.III.B.K4Special airworthiness certificate aircraft operating limitations, if applicable.
Task C. Weather Information
To determine the applicant understands weather information, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28
HI.III.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.HI.III.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:HI.III.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)HI.III.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)HI.III.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)HI.III.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)HI.III.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)HI.III.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)HI.III.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMETHI.III.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:HI.III.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stabilityHI.III.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)HI.III.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchangeHI.III.C.K3dMoisture/precipitationHI.III.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and frontsHI.III.C.K3fCloudsHI.III.C.K3gTurbulenceHI.III.C.K3hThunderstorms and microburstsHI.III.C.K3iIcing and freezing level informationHI.III.C.K3jFog/mistHI.III.C.K3kFrostHI.III.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)HI.III.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
HI.III.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:HI.III.C.R1aCircumstances that would make diversion prudentHI.III.C.R1bPersonal weather minimumsHI.III.C.R1cHazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloftHI.III.C.R2Use and limitations of:HI.III.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipmentHI.III.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecastsHI.III.C.R2cInflight weather resources
HI.III.C.S1Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.HI.III.C.S2Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.HI.III.C.S3Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
Note: If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. The evaluator asks the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson would be taught to a student and determines the outcome of this Task before the flight portion of the practical test. Previously developed lesson plans from the instructor applicant’s library may be used.
›Area of Operation IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight1 tasks
Task A. Maneuver Lesson
To determine the applicant understands the elements associated with a maneuver Task selected from Area of Operation VII (Hovering Maneuvers) through Area of Operation XII (Special Operations) and applies that knowledge when delivering ground instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation V. Preflight Procedures4 tasks
Task A. Preflight Assessment
To determine the applicant understands preflight assessment, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-32; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.V.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.HI.V.A.K2Determining that the helicopter to be used is appropriate and airworthy.HI.V.A.K3Helicopter preflight inspection, including:HI.V.A.K3aWhich items should be inspectedHI.V.A.K3bThe reasons for checking each itemHI.V.A.K3cHow to detect possible defectsHI.V.A.K3dThe associated regulationsHI.V.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
Task B. Flight Deck Management
To determine the applicant understands flight deck management, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-71; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.V.B.S1Secure all items in the aircraft.HI.V.B.S2Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, rotor blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.HI.V.B.S3Properly program and manage helicopter automation, as applicable.HI.V.B.S4Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task C. Powerplant Starting and Rotor Engagement
To determine the applicant understands powerplant starting and rotor engagement procedures can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.V.C.S1Position the helicopter properly considering structures, surface conditions, other aircraft, wind, and the safety of nearby persons and property.HI.V.C.S2Use flight control frictions, if required.HI.V.C.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.V.C.S4Engage and manage the rotor system, as appropriate.
Task D. Before Takeoff Check
To determine the applicant understands before takeoff checks, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.V.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.V.D.S2Review takeoff performance and emergency procedures.HI.V.D.S3Verify that the powerplant temperature(s) and pressure(s) are suitable for takeoff.HI.V.D.S4Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.V.D.S5Divide attention inside and outside the helicopter.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation VI. Airport and Heliport Operations3 tasks
Task A. Runway/Taxiway/Heliport/Helipad Signs, Markings, and Lighting
To determine the applicant understands airport/runway/ taxiway/heliport/helipad signs, markings, and lighting, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
Task B. Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems
To determine the applicant understands communications and ATC light signals, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.VI.B.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.HI.VI.B.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.HI.VI.B.K3ATC light signal recognition.HI.VI.B.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).HI.VI.B.K5Lost communication procedures.HI.VI.B.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.HI.VI.B.K7Radar assistance.HI.VI.B.K8Runway Status Lighting Systems.HI.VI.B.K9Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VI.B.S1Select and activate appropriate frequencies.HI.VI.B.S2Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.HI.VI.B.S3Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.HI.VI.B.S4Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task C. Traffic Patterns
To determine the applicant understands traffic patterns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.VI.C.S1Identify and interpret airport/heliport/helipad/landing area runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.HI.VI.C.S2Comply with recommended helicopter traffic pattern procedures, as appropriate.HI.VI.C.S3Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.HI.VI.C.S4Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use, as applicable.HI.VI.C.S5Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.HI.VI.C.S6Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other traffic or avoid the flow of fixed-wing traffic, as appropriate.HI.VI.C.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation. Task D must be tested in addition to the other Tasks if the applicant supplies a helicopter with wheel-type landing gear.
›Area of Operation VII. Hovering Maneuvers5 tasks
Task A. Vertical Takeoff and Landing
To determine the applicant understands vertical takeoff and landing from a hover, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-95; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VII.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VII.A.S2Comply with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions and make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VII.A.S3Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VII.A.S4Ascend to and maintain recommended hovering altitude, and descend from recommended hovering altitude in headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions, without drift.HI.VII.A.S5Maintain recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.HI.VII.A.S6Maintain position within 2 feet of a designated point with no aft movement.HI.VII.A.S7Descend vertically to within 2 feet of the designated touchdown point.HI.VII.A.S8Maintain specified heading, ± 10°.HI.VII.A.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Hover Taxi
To determine the applicant understands hover taxi operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VII.B.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).HI.VII.B.K2Hover taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.HI.VII.B.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.HI.VII.B.K4Visual indicators for wind.HI.VII.B.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.HI.VII.B.K6Procedures for:HI.VII.B.K6aPilot activities during taxiingHI.VII.B.K6bSafe hover taxi at towered and non-towered airports/heliports/helipads/landing areasHI.VII.B.K6cEntering or crossing runwaysHI.VII.B.K7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.HI.VII.B.K8Aircraft operating limitations.HI.VII.B.K9Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VII.B.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.VII.B.R2Reduced visibility or night taxi operations.HI.VII.B.R3Runway incursion.HI.VII.B.R4Other aircraft, vehicles, persons, and hazards.HI.VII.B.R5Hazardous effects of downwash.HI.VII.B.R6Main rotor, tail rotor, and tail strike hazards.HI.VII.B.R7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.HI.VII.B.R8Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
HI.VII.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VII.B.S2Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.HI.VII.B.S3Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.HI.VII.B.S4Comply with airport/heliport taxiway markings, signals, and signs.HI.VII.B.S5Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VII.B.S6Maintain a straight ground track within ±2 feet of a designated ground track.HI.VII.B.S7Maintain recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.HI.VII.B.S8Hover taxi over specified ground references, demonstrating forward, sideward, and rearward hovering and hovering turns.HI.VII.B.S9Maintain a constant rate of turn at pivot points.HI.VII.B.S10Maintain a position within 2 feet of each pivot point during turns.HI.VII.B.S11Make a 360° pivoting turn, left and right, stopping within 10° of a specified heading.HI.VII.B.S12Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the maneuver.HI.VII.B.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task C. Air Taxi
To determine the applicant understands air taxi operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VII.C.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).HI.VII.C.K2Air taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.HI.VII.C.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.HI.VII.C.K4Visual indicators for wind.HI.VII.C.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.HI.VII.C.K6Procedures for:HI.VII.C.K6aPilot activities during taxiingHI.VII.C.K6bSafe air taxi at towered and nontowered airportsHI.VII.C.K6cOverflying of runwaysHI.VII.C.K7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.HI.VII.C.K8Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VII.C.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.VII.C.R2Reduced visibility or night taxi operations.HI.VII.C.R3Runway incursion.HI.VII.C.R4Main rotor, tail rotor, and tail strike hazards.HI.VII.C.R5H/V diagram performance in case of powerplant failure.HI.VII.C.R6Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
HI.VII.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VII.C.S2Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.HI.VII.C.S3Select a safe airspeed and altitude.HI.VII.C.S4Maintain desired track and groundspeed in headwind and crosswind conditions, avoiding conditions that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.HI.VII.C.S5Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VII.C.S6Comply with airport/heliport/helipad/landing area markings, lights, signs, and ATC instructions.HI.VII.C.S7Maintain specified altitude, ±10 feet.HI.VII.C.S8Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Taxiing with Wheel-Type Landing Gear
To determine the applicant understands taxiing with wheel-type landing gear, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VII.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).HI.VII.D.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.HI.VII.D.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.HI.VII.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.HI.VII.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.HI.VII.D.K6Procedures for:HI.VII.D.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot SpotsHI.VII.D.K6bSafe taxi at towered and nontowered airportsHI.VII.D.K6cEntering or crossing runwaysHI.VII.D.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VII.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VII.D.S2Use an appropriate airport/heliport diagram or taxi chart, if published.HI.VII.D.S3Properly position nosewheel/tailwheel, if applicable, locked or unlocked.HI.VII.D.S4Position the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions, with the landing gear in contact with the surface, avoiding conditions that might lead to loss of directional control.HI.VII.D.S5Properly use cyclic, collective, and brakes as applicable to control speed while taxiing.HI.VII.D.S6Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VII.D.S7Maintain specified track within 2 feet.HI.VII.D.S8Position the helicopter relative to hold lines or a specified point.HI.VII.D.S9Receive and comply with ATC clearances/instructions, if applicable.HI.VII.D.S10Comply with airport/heliport taxiway markings, lights, and signals.HI.VII.D.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task E. Slope Operations
To determine the applicant understands slope operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VII.E.K1Elements related to slope operations.HI.VII.E.K2Factors used for selecting an appropriate slope.HI.VII.E.K3Effect of wind on slope operations.HI.VII.E.K4Dynamic rollover considerations during slope operations and preventive/recovery techniques.HI.VII.E.K5Helicopter slope limitations.HI.VII.E.K6Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VII.E.R1Operations on a slope.HI.VII.E.R2Conditions leading to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.HI.VII.E.R3Embarking or disembarking passengers and rotor blade hazards.HI.VII.E.R4Conditions leading to dynamic rollover.HI.VII.E.R5Surface conditions.HI.VII.E.R6Collision hazards.HI.VII.E.R7Exceeding the manufacturer's slope limitations.
HI.VII.E.S1Select a suitable slope.HI.VII.E.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VII.E.S3Properly approach the slope considering wind effect and obstacles.HI.VII.E.S4Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VII.E.S5Maintain heading and ground position and prevent movement of aircraft on slope.HI.VII.E.S6Make a smooth positive descent to touch the upslope skid or wheel(s) on the sloping surface.HI.VII.E.S7Recognize if slope is too steep and abandon the operation prior to reaching cyclic control stops.HI.VII.E.S8Maintain positive control while lowering the downslope skid or wheel to touchdown.HI.VII.E.S9Neutralize controls after landing.HI.VII.E.S10Make a smooth transition from the slope to a stabilized hover parallel to the slope.HI.VII.E.S11Properly move away from the slope.HI.VII.E.S12Maintain a specified heading throughout the operation, ±5°.HI.VII.E.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must select at least one takeoff and one approach Task from Area of Operation VIII, Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds. Task E must be tested in addition to the other Tasks if the applicant supplies a helicopter with wheel-type landing gear.
›Area of Operation VIII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds7 tasks
Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant understands normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.A.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.HI.VIII.A.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.A.R2aCrosswindHI.VIII.A.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.A.R2cTailwindHI.VIII.A.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.A.R2eRunway/departure point surface/conditionHI.VIII.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:HI.VIII.A.R3aRejected takeoffHI.VIII.A.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightHI.VIII.A.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.VIII.A.R6Runway incursion.
HI.VIII.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.A.S3Verify assigned/correct runway, if at an airport.HI.VIII.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.HI.VIII.A.S5Clear the area, taxi into the takeoff position, and align the helicopter on the runway centerline or with takeoff path.HI.VIII.A.S6Establish a stationary position on the surface or a stabilized hover prior to takeoff in headwind and crosswind conditions.HI.VIII.A.S7Confirm takeoff power and instrument indications prior to forward movement.HI.VIII.A.S8After clearing all obstacles, transition to normal climb attitude, airspeed, ±5 knots, and power setting.HI.VIII.A.S9Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VIII.A.S10Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, as needed.HI.VIII.A.S11Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.HI.VIII.A.S12Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.A.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task B. Normal and Crosswind Approach
To determine the applicant understands normal and crosswind approach, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.B.K1Effects of wind, weight, altitude, and temperature on performance.HI.VIII.B.K2Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.HI.VIII.B.K3Landing surface, obstructions, and selection of a suitable touchdown point.HI.VIII.B.K4Factors affecting the profile of the height/velocity (H/V) diagram.HI.VIII.B.K5Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VIII.B.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.HI.VIII.B.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.B.R2aCrosswindHI.VIII.B.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.B.R2cTailwindHI.VIII.B.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.B.R2eVortex ring state (VRS)HI.VIII.B.R2fTouchdown surface and conditionHI.VIII.B.R3Go-around/rejected landing.HI.VIII.B.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.B.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.VIII.B.R6Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
HI.VIII.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.B.S3Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.HI.VIII.B.S4Align the helicopter with the correct/assigned runway or touchdown point.HI.VIII.B.S5Scan the landing area/touchdown point and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.HI.VIII.B.S6Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.HI.VIII.B.S7Establish and maintain a normal approach angle and rate of closure.HI.VIII.B.S8Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VIII.B.S9Arrive at the termination point, on the surface or at a stabilized hover ±2 feet.HI.VIII.B.S10Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.B.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task C. Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant understands maximum performance takeoff and climb, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.C.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.HI.VIII.C.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.C.R2aCrosswindHI.VIII.C.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.C.R2cTailwindHI.VIII.C.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.C.R2eSurface conditionsHI.VIII.C.R3Abnormal operations including:HI.VIII.C.R3aRejected takeoffHI.VIII.C.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightHI.VIII.C.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.C.R5Low rotor rpm.HI.VIII.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.VIII.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.C.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.C.S3Use control inputs to initiate lift-off from the takeoff position using a forward climb attitude to fly the departure profile.HI.VIII.C.S4Maintain powerplant and rotor rpm within normal limits.HI.VIII.C.S5Use required takeoff power, or power as specified by the evaluator.HI.VIII.C.S6After clearing all obstacles, transition to normal climb attitude, airspeed, ±5 knots, and power setting.HI.VIII.C.S7Maintain directional control, ground track, and proper wind-drift correction throughout the maneuver.HI.VIII.C.S8Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D. Steep Approach
To determine the applicant understands steep approaches, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.D.K1A stabilized steep approach.HI.VIII.D.K2Approach techniques and applicability.HI.VIII.D.K3Performance data and the height velocity (H/V) diagram.HI.VIII.D.K4Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance.HI.VIII.D.K5Wind correction techniques.HI.VIII.D.K6Aircraft performance and limitations.HI.VIII.D.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VIII.D.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.HI.VIII.D.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.D.R2aWind DirectionHI.VIII.D.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.D.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.D.R3Planning for:HI.VIII.D.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundHI.VIII.D.R3bPowerplant failure during the approachHI.VIII.D.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.D.R5Vortex ring state (VRS).HI.VIII.D.R6Landing surface.HI.VIII.D.R7Aircraft limitations.HI.VIII.D.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.VIII.D.R9Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).HI.VIII.D.R10Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) and flat light conditions.
HI.VIII.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.D.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.D.S3Consider the wind direction and conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.HI.VIII.D.S4Select a suitable termination point.HI.VIII.D.S5Establish and maintain a steep approach angle, (15° maximum) and proper rate of closure.HI.VIII.D.S6Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.HI.VIII.D.S7Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VIII.D.S8Arrive at the termination point, on the surface or at a stabilized hover ±2 feet.HI.VIII.D.S9Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.D.S10Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task E. Rolling Takeoff (Wheel-Type Landing Gear)
To determine the applicant understands rolling takeoff with wheel-type landing gear, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.E.K1Elements of a rolling takeoff.HI.VIII.E.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.VIII.E.K3Situations when a rolling takeoff is recommended and factors related to takeoff and climb performance.HI.VIII.E.K4Translational lift.HI.VIII.E.K5Common errors related to this Task.
HI.VIII.E.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.HI.VIII.E.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.E.R2aWind DirectionHI.VIII.E.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.E.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.E.R3Planning for:HI.VIII.E.R3aHeight/Velocity (H/V) considerationsHI.VIII.E.R3bRejected takeoffHI.VIII.E.R3cPowerplant failure during takeoff/climb phase of flightHI.VIII.E.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.E.R5Takeoff surface.HI.VIII.E.R6Landing gear.HI.VIII.E.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.VIII.E.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.E.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.E.S3Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.HI.VIII.E.S4Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.HI.VIII.E.S5Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VIII.E.S6Use control inputs that initiate the takeoff roll.HI.VIII.E.S7Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction, while accelerating.HI.VIII.E.S8Transition to a normal climb airspeed, ±5 knots, and set appropriate power.HI.VIII.E.S9Maintain proper ground track with crosswind correction after liftoff.HI.VIII.E.S10Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.E.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task F. Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing
To determine the applicant understands shallow approach and running/roll-on landing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.F.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.HI.VIII.F.R2Effects of:HI.VIII.F.R2aWind DirectionHI.VIII.F.R2bWindshearHI.VIII.F.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulenceHI.VIII.F.R3Planning for:HI.VIII.F.R3aPowerplant failure during approach/landing phase of flightHI.VIII.F.R4Collision hazards.HI.VIII.F.R5Landing surface.HI.VIII.F.R6Dynamic rollover.HI.VIII.F.R7Ground resonance.HI.VIII.F.R8Aircraft limitations.HI.VIII.F.R9Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.VIII.F.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.F.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.VIII.F.S3Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.VIII.F.S4Establish and maintain the recommended approach angle and proper rate of closure.HI.VIII.F.S5Determine wind direction and maintain ground track with crosswind correction.HI.VIII.F.S6Maintain effective translational lift during surface contact with landing gear parallel to the ground track.HI.VIII.F.S7Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs after surface contact to maintain directional control.HI.VIII.F.S8Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.F.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task G. Go-Around
To determine the applicant understands go-around with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing conditions that may require a go-around, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.VIII.G.S1Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach or at the direction of the evaluator.HI.VIII.G.S2Maintain powerplant and rotor rpm within normal limits while applying proper control input to stop descent and initiate climb.HI.VIII.G.S3Transition to a positive rate of climb and appropriate airspeed of ±5 knots.HI.VIII.G.S4Maintain directional control, ground track, and proper wind-drift correction throughout the maneuver.HI.VIII.G.S5Notify/coordinate with air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions as required.HI.VIII.G.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.VIII.G.S7Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.HI.VIII.G.S8Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.HI.VIII.G.S9Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation IX. Fundamentals of Flight4 tasks
Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight
To determine the applicant understands straight-and-level flight, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.IX.A.K1Basic elements of the aircraft and aerodynamics that affect the ability to maintain straight-and-level flight.HI.IX.A.K2Flight control and trim use, if applicable.HI.IX.A.K3The pilot's visual references when performing the maneuver.HI.IX.A.K4Integrated flight instruction.HI.IX.A.K5Common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Level Turns
To determine the applicant understands level turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
Task C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
To determine the applicant understands straight climbs and climbing turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
Task D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns
To determine the applicant understands straight descents and descending turns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
Note: The evaluator must select Task A and at least one other Task.
›Area of Operation X. Performance Maneuvers3 tasks
Task A. Rapid Deceleration/Quick Stop
To determine the applicant understands rapid deceleration/quick stop, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.X.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.X.A.S2Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.X.A.S3Coordinate all controls throughout the execution of the maneuver to terminate in a hover at an appropriate hover height.HI.X.A.S4Maintain an altitude that permits safe clearance between the tail boom and the surface.HI.X.A.S5Maintain heading throughout the maneuver, ±5°.HI.X.A.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Straight-In Autorotation in a Single-Engine Helicopter
To determine the applicant understands straight-in autorotation in a single engine helicopter, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-65, AC 61-140; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.X.B.K1Elements related to straight-in autorotation.HI.X.B.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.X.B.K3Main rotor (Nr) speed.HI.X.B.K4Energy management.HI.X.B.K5Causes and effects of high descent rates.HI.X.B.K6Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.HI.X.B.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.X.B.R1Low entry altitudes.HI.X.B.R2Flight control inputs.HI.X.B.R3Turbulence, including wake turbulence.HI.X.B.R4Windshear.HI.X.B.R5Exchange of flight controls during an intervention.HI.X.B.R6Main rotor (Nr) speed.HI.X.B.R7Energy management.HI.X.B.R8Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.HI.X.B.R9Main rotor (Nr) overspeed.HI.X.B.R10Excessive rate of descent.HI.X.B.R11Powerplant failure during the maneuver.HI.X.B.R12Collision hazards.HI.X.B.R13Terminating an autorotation.HI.X.B.R14Power recovery and go-around.HI.X.B.R15Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.X.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.X.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.X.B.S3Select a suitable landing area.HI.X.B.S4Clear the area.HI.X.B.S5Select an appropriate entry altitude.HI.X.B.S6Initiate the maneuver at the proper point.HI.X.B.S7Establish power-off glide with the helicopter trimmed and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.HI.X.B.S8Maintain main rotor (Nr) within normal limits.HI.X.B.S9Compensate for wind speed and direction as necessary to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.HI.X.B.S10Use proper deceleration and collective pitch application that permits safe clearance between the aircraft tail boom and the surface.HI.X.B.S11Initiate proper power recovery, or touchdown to the surface as briefed by the evaluator.HI.X.B.S12Terminate autorotation to a stabilized hover, or to the surface within 100 feet of a designated point.HI.X.B.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Autorotation with Turns in a Single-Engine Helicopter
To determine the applicant understands autorotation with turns with a power recovery or touchdown to the surface, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-65, AC 61-140; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.X.C.K1Elements related to autorotation with turns.HI.X.C.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.X.C.K3Various rotor systems and their effects on autorotation.HI.X.C.K4Main rotor (Nr) speed.HI.X.C.K5Energy management.HI.X.C.K6Causes and effects of high descent rates.HI.X.C.K7Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.HI.X.C.K8Common errors related to this Task.
HI.X.C.R1Low entry altitudes.HI.X.C.R2Flight control inputs.HI.X.C.R3Turbulence, including wake turbulence.HI.X.C.R4Windshear.HI.X.C.R5Energy management.HI.X.C.R6Main rotor (Nr) speed.HI.X.C.R7Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.HI.X.C.R8Excessive rate of descent.HI.X.C.R9Powerplant failure during the maneuver.HI.X.C.R10Rolling out of the turn.HI.X.C.R11Collision hazards.HI.X.C.R12Terminating an autorotation.HI.X.C.R13Power recovery and go-around.HI.X.C.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.X.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.X.C.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.X.C.S3Select a suitable landing area.HI.X.C.S4Clear the area.HI.X.C.S5Select an appropriate entry altitude.HI.X.C.S6Initiate the maneuver at the proper point.HI.X.C.S7Establish power-off glide with the aircraft properly trimmed and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.HI.X.C.S8Maintain main rotor (Nr) within normal limits.HI.X.C.S9Maneuver to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.HI.X.C.S10Roll out no lower than 300 feet above ground level (AGL) along the flight path to the selected landing area.HI.X.C.S12Use proper deceleration and collective pitch application that permits safe clearance between the aircraft tail boom and the surface.HI.X.C.S13Initiate proper power recovery, or touchdown to the surface as briefed by the evaluator.HI.X.C.S14Terminate autorotation to a stabilized hover, or to the surface within 100 feet of a designated point.HI.X.C.S15Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. The evaluator must test at least one Task from Tasks A through G. The evaluator must also select at least one Task from Tasks H through M, which are tested orally only.
›Area of Operation XI. Emergency Operations13 tasks
Task A. Powerplant Failure in a Hover in a Single-Engine Helicopter
To determine the applicant understands power failure in a ground effect hover, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.A.K1Elements related to powerplant failure in a hover, including energy management concepts.HI.XI.A.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XI.A.K3High and low inertia of rotor systems.HI.XI.A.K4Aerodynamics associated with powerplant failure in a hover.HI.XI.A.K5Proper orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.HI.XI.A.K6Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XI.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.XI.A.S3Clear the area.HI.XI.A.S4Select a suitable landing area.HI.XI.A.S5Establish a stationary or forward hover into the wind.HI.XI.A.S6Simulate powerplant failure.HI.XI.A.S7Maintain a heading, ±5°, throughout the maneuver.HI.XI.A.S8Touchdown with minimum sideward movement and no rearward movement.HI.XI.A.S9Use appropriate flight control inputs to cushion the touchdown.HI.XI.A.S10After touchdown, lower collective and neutralize flight controls.HI.XI.A.S11Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task B. Powerplant Failure at Altitude in a Single-Engine Helicopter
To determine the applicant understands power failure at altitude, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-140; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.B.K1Elements of a powerplant failure at altitude.HI.XI.B.K2Main rotor (Nr) speed.HI.XI.B.K3Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XI.B.K4Energy management.HI.XI.B.K5Causes and effects of high descent rates.HI.XI.B.K6Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.HI.XI.B.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.B.R1Low entry altitudes.HI.XI.B.R2Selection of landing area.HI.XI.B.R3Flight control inputs.HI.XI.B.R4Turbulence, including wake turbulence.HI.XI.B.R5Windshear.HI.XI.B.R6Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.HI.XI.B.R7Powerplant failure during the maneuver.HI.XI.B.R8Collision hazards.HI.XI.B.R9Autorotation power-off never-exceed speed (VNE) limitation.HI.XI.B.R10Helicopter trim.HI.XI.B.R11Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
HI.XI.B.S1Establish an autorotation.HI.XI.B.S2Establish power-off glide with the helicopter trimmed and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.HI.XI.B.S3Maintain main rotor (Nr) within normal limits.HI.XI.B.S4Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.HI.XI.B.S5Compensate for wind speed and direction as necessary to avoid undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.HI.XI.B.S6Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.XI.B.S7Terminate approach with a power recovery at a safe altitude as directed by the evaluator.HI.XI.B.S8Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Approach and Landing with One Engine Inoperative (OEI) (Simulated) (Multiengine Helicopter Only)
To determine the applicant understands approach and landing with one engine inoperative (OEI) (simulated), can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.C.S1Maintain the operating powerplant within OEI limits.HI.XI.C.S2Maintain, prior to beginning the final approach segment, the recommended flight profile with altitude ±100 feet, airspeed, ±10 knots, heading ±5°, and maintains track.HI.XI.C.S3Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.XI.C.S4Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.HI.XI.C.S5Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XI.C.S6Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.HI.XI.C.S7Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.HI.XI.C.S8Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Flight Solely by Reference to Instruments
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
HI.XI.D.K1Elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight, climbs, turns, and descents.HI.XI.D.K2Interpretation, operation, and limitations of pitch, bank, and power instruments.HI.XI.D.K3Normal and abnormal instrument indications and operations.HI.XI.D.K4Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.D.S1Maintain straight and level flight, altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.HI.XI.D.S2Make a constant airspeed climb, airspeed ±10 knots, in straight flight and turns to a heading ±20°, and level off and maintain assigned altitude ±200 feet.HI.XI.D.S3Make a constant airspeed descent, airspeed ±10 knots, in straight flight and turns to a heading ±20°, and level off and maintain assigned altitude ±200 feet.HI.XI.D.S4Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.HI.XI.D.S5Demonstrate SRM/CRM.HI.XI.D.S6Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.E.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.HI.XI.E.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.HI.XI.E.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).HI.XI.E.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.HI.XI.E.K5Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.E.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).HI.XI.E.R2Assessment of the unusual attitude.HI.XI.E.R3Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.HI.XI.E.R4Collision hazards.HI.XI.E.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.XI.E.R6Interpreting flight instruments.HI.XI.E.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.HI.XI.E.R8Operating envelope considerations.
HI.XI.E.S1Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low), and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, and power corrections, in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.HI.XI.E.S2Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.HI.XI.E.S3Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Vortex Ring State (VRS)
To determine the applicant understands Vortex Ring State (VRS), can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.F.K1Elements of vortex ring state.HI.XI.F.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XI.F.K3Requirements for the formation of VRS.HI.XI.F.K4Aerodynamics and indications of VRS.HI.XI.F.K5Flight scenarios under which VRS can occur.HI.XI.F.K6Effective recovery techniques.HI.XI.F.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.F.R1Pilot recognition and response to VRS.HI.XI.F.R2Entering the maneuver at a lower altitude than planned.HI.XI.F.R3Collision hazards.HI.XI.F.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.XI.F.R5Application of power or exceeding powerplant limitations.HI.XI.F.R6Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
HI.XI.F.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XI.F.S2Clear the area.HI.XI.F.S3Select an altitude that allows recovery to be completed no lower than 1,000 feet AGL or as recommended by the manufacturer, whichever is higher.HI.XI.F.S4Establish conditions leading to VRS entry.HI.XI.F.S5Promptly recognize, announce, and recover at the first indication of VRS.HI.XI.F.S6Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.HI.XI.F.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Low Rotor Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) Recognition and Recovery
To determine the applicant understands low rotor rpm recognition and recovery, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.G.K1Elements related to low rotor rpm recovery energy management, including the combination of conditions that may lead to this situation.HI.XI.G.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XI.G.K3Aerodynamics that affect low rotor rpm conditions.HI.XI.G.K4Powerplant performance.HI.XI.G.K5Main rotor (Nr) limitations.HI.XI.G.K6Difference between low rotor rpm and blade stall.HI.XI.G.K7Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.G.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XI.G.S2Clear the area.HI.XI.G.S3Detect the development of low rotor rpm and initiate prompt corrective action.HI.XI.G.S4Execute the recovery procedure to return rotor rpm to normal limits.HI.XI.G.S5Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task H. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
To determine the applicant understands system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the aircraft provided for the practical test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.H.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).HI.XI.H.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the helicopter, including:HI.XI.H.K2aElectrical malfunctionHI.XI.H.K2bFlight instrument malfunctionsHI.XI.H.K2cPitot-static system malfunctionHI.XI.H.K2dElectronic flight instrument display malfunctionHI.XI.H.K2eLanding gear malfunctionsHI.XI.H.K2fInoperative flight control/trimHI.XI.H.K2gHydraulic failure, if applicableHI.XI.H.K3Various frequency vibrations and the possible components that may be affected.HI.XI.H.K4Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.HI.XI.H.K5Any other system malfunction specific to the helicopter flown.HI.XI.H.K6Common errors related to this Task.
Task I. Dynamic Rollover
To determine the applicant understands dynamic rollover, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM; SAFO 16016
HI.XI.I.K1Elements related to dynamic rollover.HI.XI.I.K2Interactions between thrust, crosswind, slope, lateral CG, aircraft weight, and flight controls that contribute to dynamic rollover.HI.XI.I.K3Preventive flight technique and recovery during flight operations, including slope operations.HI.XI.I.K4Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XI.I.R1Surface conditions conducive to dynamic rollover.HI.XI.I.R2Landing gear proximity to obstructions on the ground during low altitude hover.HI.XI.I.R3Flight control inputs during takeoff or landing.HI.XI.I.R4Sideward hover.HI.XI.I.R5Aircraft slope limitations.HI.XI.I.R6Critical rollover angle and rolling moment.HI.XI.I.R7Translating tendency.
Note: Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
Task J. Ground Resonance
To determine the applicant understands ground resonance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.J.K1Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground resonance by describing:HI.XI.J.K1aConditions that contribute to ground resonanceHI.XI.J.K1bPreventive flight technique during takeoffs and landingsHI.XI.J.K1cLanding surfaceHI.XI.J.K2Inspection of items that may contribute to ground resonance.HI.XI.J.K3Corrective actions during low and normal rotor rpm speeds.HI.XI.J.K4Common errors related to this Task.
Note: Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
Task K. Low Gravity (G) Recognition and Recovery
To determine the applicant understands low G recognition and recovery, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.K.K1Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low G conditions by describing:HI.XI.K.K1aAerodynamic factors related to low G conditionsHI.XI.K.K1bSituations that contribute to low G conditionsHI.XI.K.K1cAvoidance, recognition, and appropriate recovery proceduresHI.XI.K.K2Effects of low G conditions on various rotor systems.HI.XI.K.K3Pilot responses that lead to mast bumping in a low G condition, if applicable.HI.XI.K.K4Common errors related to this Task.
Note: Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
Task L. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
To determine the applicant understands emergency equipment and survival gear, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: AC 61-65; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.L.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.HI.XI.L.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.HI.XI.L.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:HI.XI.L.K3aClimate extremes (hot/cold)HI.XI.L.K3bMountainous terrainHI.XI.L.K3cOverwater operationsHI.XI.L.K4Common errors related to this Task.
Task M. Antitorque System Failure
To determine the applicant understands antitorque system failure, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XI.M.K1Elements related to antitorque system failure by describing:HI.XI.M.K1aIndications of an antitorque system failure(s)HI.XI.M.K1bDifferences between complete loss of antitorque and mechanical flight control failuresHI.XI.M.K1cRFM procedures for antitorque system(s) failureHI.XI.M.K2Wind conditions that favor a landing with an antitorque failure.HI.XI.M.K3Common errors related to this Task.
Note: Evaluator assesses this Task orally only. The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
›Area of Operation XII. Special Operations2 tasks
Task A. Confined Area Operations
To determine the applicant understands confined area operation, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XII.A.K1Elements of confined area operations.HI.XII.A.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XII.A.K3Situations when a confined area approach and landing is recommended and factors related to landing performance including H/V diagram information.HI.XII.A.K4High and low reconnaissance, including takeoff and departure planning.HI.XII.A.K5Power requirements versus power available for the departure or arrival profile(s).HI.XII.A.K6Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XII.A.R1Selection of approach path, termination point and departure path based on aircraft performance and limitations, wind, and availability of alternate sites.HI.XII.A.R2Effects of:HI.XII.A.R2aWind DirectionHI.XII.A.R2bWindshearHI.XII.A.R2cTurbulenceHI.XII.A.R3H/V diagram information.HI.XII.A.R4Go-around.HI.XII.A.R5Forced landing during the maneuver.HI.XII.A.R6Landing surface.HI.XII.A.R7Dynamic rollover.HI.XII.A.R8Ground resonance.HI.XII.A.R9Low rotor rpm.HI.XII.A.R10Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).HI.XII.A.R11Collision hazards.HI.XII.A.R12Vortex ring state (VRS).HI.XII.A.R13Aircraft limitations.HI.XII.A.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.XII.A.R15Power requirements versus power available for the departure or arrival profile(s).
HI.XII.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XII.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.XII.A.S3Confirm power available meets or exceeds the power required for the selected arrival or departure profile(s).HI.XII.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.HI.XII.A.S5Accomplish a proper high and low reconnaissance of the confined landing area.HI.XII.A.S6Select a suitable approach path, termination point, and departure path.HI.XII.A.S7Track the selected approach path at an acceptable approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point.HI.XII.A.S8Continually evaluate the suitability of the confined landing area and termination point.HI.XII.A.S9Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.XII.A.S10Accomplish a proper ground reconnaissance.HI.XII.A.S11Terminate in a hover or on the surface, as appropriate.HI.XII.A.S12Select a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting takeoff and climb performance under various conditions.HI.XII.A.S13Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.HI.XII.A.S14Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B. Pinnacle Operations
To determine the applicant understands pinnacle operations, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XII.B.K1Elements of pinnacle/platform operations.HI.XII.B.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.HI.XII.B.K3Suitable takeoff point and departure flight path during climb.HI.XII.B.K4Situations when a pinnacle/platform approach, landing and takeoff is recommended and factors related to aircraft performance.HI.XII.B.K5Elements of a high and low reconnaissance.HI.XII.B.K6Common errors related to this Task.
HI.XII.B.R1Selection of approach path, termination point and departure path based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.HI.XII.B.R2Effects of:HI.XII.B.R2aWind DirectionHI.XII.B.R2bWindshearHI.XII.B.R2cTurbulenceHI.XII.B.R3H/V diagram information.HI.XII.B.R4Go-around.HI.XII.B.R5Powerplant failure during approach/landing phase of flight.HI.XII.B.R6Collision hazards.HI.XII.B.R7Vortex ring state (VRS).HI.XII.B.R8Landing surface.HI.XII.B.R9Low rotor rpm.HI.XII.B.R10Dynamic rollover.HI.XII.B.R11Ground resonance.HI.XII.B.R12Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).HI.XII.B.R13Aircraft limitations.HI.XII.B.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.HI.XII.B.R15Forced landing.HI.XII.B.R16Main and tail rotor hazards for passengers.
HI.XII.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XII.B.S2Confirm power available meets or exceeds the power required for the selected arrival or departure profile(s).HI.XII.B.S3Make radio calls as appropriate.HI.XII.B.S4Accomplish high and low reconnaissance.HI.XII.B.S5Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.HI.XII.B.S6Select a suitable approach path, termination point, and departure path.HI.XII.B.S7Select an approach path considering wind direction.HI.XII.B.S8Track the selected approach path at an acceptable approach angle and rate of closure to the termination point.HI.XII.B.S9Maintain powerplant and main rotor (Nr) speed within normal limits.HI.XII.B.S10Accomplish a proper ground reconnaissance.HI.XII.B.S11Terminate in a hover or on the surface, as appropriate.HI.XII.B.S12Select a suitable takeoff point and consider factors affecting takeoff and climb performance under various conditions.HI.XII.B.S13Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
›Area of Operation XIII. Postflight Procedures1 tasks
Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing
To determine the applicant understands after landing, parking, and securing procedures, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-4, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM
HI.XIII.A.S1Minimize the hazardous effects of rotor downwash during hovering.HI.XIII.A.S2Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.HI.XIII.A.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).HI.XIII.A.S5Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.HI.XIII.A.S6Secure the helicopter.HI.XIII.A.S7Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Note: s to emphasize special considerations. During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency, and operational skill in accordance with the ACS. The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example, FI.I.C.K2: FI = Applicable ACS I = Area of Operation C = Task K2 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 2) There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be tested from each applicable Task include: • any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable; • at least one knowledge element; • at least one risk management element; and • all skill elements unless otherwise noted. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test. An asterisk directs the evaluator to follow the selection requirements for the AOO and Tasks in the body of this ACS. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Flight Instructor Renewal/Reinstatement In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.199(a), the renewal or reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the certificate. Renewal & Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor Required Area of Operation Required Tasks I ** II C,L, and 1 other Task III 1 Task IV 1 Task V 1 Task VI None VII 1 Task VIII 2 Takeoffs & 2 Landings IX None X 1 Task XI 2 Tasks XII 1 Task XIII 1 Task A double asterisk directs the evaluator to consider the period of inactivity. The evaluator may test FOI Tasks for any reinstatement. Appendix 2: Safety of Flight Appendix 2: Safety of Flight General Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test. Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action “memory” items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit. In a single-pilot aircraft, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots: • When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” • The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” • The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange. Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is flying the aircraft should not occur. Use of Distractions Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck. Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource