IL.II.D.K10

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-29
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Basic Propeller Principles

  actual blade angle necessary to maintain this small AOA varies with the forward speed of the aircraft. Fixed-pitch and ground-adjustable propellers are designed for best efficiency at one rotation and forward speed. They are designed for a given ... thrust horsepower to brake horsepower. Propeller efficiency varies from 50 to 87 percent, depending on how much the propeller “slips.” Propeller slip is the difference between the geometric pitch of the propeller and its effective pitch. [Figure 5-45] Geometric…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-16
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Gyroscopic Flight Instruments › Turn-and-Slip Indicator

  Turn Indicators Aircraft use two types of turn indicators: turn-and-slip indicators and turn coordinators. Because of the way the gyro is mounted, the turn-and-slip indicator shows only the rate of turn in degrees per second ... inclinometer, which consists of a liquid-filled curved tube with a ball inside. [Figure 8-21] Turn-and-Slip Indicator The gyro in the turn-and-slip indicator rotates in the vertical plane corresponding to the aircraft’s longitudinal axis…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 7-6
  Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems › Adjustable-Pitch Propeller

  Adjustable-Pitch Propeller The adjustable-pitch propeller was the forerunner of the constant-speed propeller. It is a propeller with blades whose pitch can be adjusted on the ground with the engine not running, but which cannot be adjusted ... ground adjustable propeller. By the 1930s, pioneer aviation inventors were laying the ground work for automatic pitch-change mechanisms, which is why the term sometimes refers to modern constant-speed propellers that are adjustable in flight. The first adjustable-pitch…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 6-5
  Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › Elevator

  Elevator The elevator controls pitch about the lateral axis. Like the ailerons on small aircraft, the elevator is connected to the control column in the flight deck by a series of mechanical linkages. Aft movement of the control column deflects ... level flight. The overall effect causes the tail of the aircraft to move down and the nose to pitch up. The pitching moment occurs about the center of gravity (CG). The strength of the pitching moment is determined…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 7-5
  Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems › Fixed-Pitch Propeller

  Small aircraft are equipped with either one of two types of propellers: fixed-pitch or adjustable-pitch. Figure 7-6. Changes in propeller blade angle from hub to tip. Fixed-Pitch Propeller A propeller with fixed blade angles ... fixed-pitch propeller. The pitch of this propeller is set by the manufacturer and cannot be changed. Since a fixed-pitch propeller achieves the best efficiency only at a given combination of airspeed and rpm, the pitch setting is ideal…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-18
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Turn Coordinator › Inclinometer

  Inclinometer The inclinometer is used to depict aircraft yaw, which is the side-to-side movement of the aircraft’s nose. During coordinated, straight-and-level flight, the force of gravity causes the ball to rest in the lowest part ... centered, it can be centered by using the rudder. To center the ball, apply rudder pressure on the side to which the ball is deflected. Use the simple rule, “step on the ball,” to remember which rudder pedal to press…