IL.II.D.K1

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 4-7
  Chapter 4: Principles of Flight › Airfoil Design

  accurate nor useful to assign specific values to the percentage of lift generated by the upper surface of an airfoil versus that generated by the lower surface. These are not constant values. They vary, not only with flight conditions ... also with different wing designs. Different airfoils have different flight characteristics. Many thousands of airfoils have been tested in wind tunnels and in actual flight, but no one airfoil has been found that satisfies every flight requirement. The weight, speed…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 4-7
  Chapter 4: Principles of Flight › Airfoil Design › Low Pressure Above

  Leading edge (Kreuger) flaps and trailing edge (Fowler) flaps, when extended from the basic wing structure, literally change the airfoil shape into the classic concave form, thereby generating much greater lift during slow flight conditions. On the other hand ... airfoil that is perfectly streamlined and offers little wind resistance sometimes does not have enough lifting power to take the airplane off the ground. Thus, modern airplanes have airfoils that strike a medium between extremes in design. The shape varies…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 4-8
  Chapter 4: Principles of Flight › Airfoil Design › Airfoil Behavior

  Airfoil Behavior Although specific examples can be cited in which each of the principles predict and contribute to the formation of lift, lift is a complex subject. The production of lift is much more complex than a simple differential pressure ... between upper and lower airfoil surfaces. In fact, many lifting airfoils do not have an upper surface longer than the bottom, as in the case of symmetrical airfoils. These are seen in high-speed aircraft having symmetrical wings…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 4-8
  Chapter 4: Principles of Flight › Airfoil Design › High Pressure Below

  Figure 4-6. Airfoil designs. The downward backward flow from the top surface of an airfoil creates a downwash. This downwash meets the flow from the bottom of the airfoil at the trailing edge. Applying Newton’s third ... reaction of this downward backward flow results in an upward forward force on the airfoil. High Pressure Below A certain amount of lift is generated by pressure conditions underneath the airfoil. Because of the manner in which air flows underneath…

• Aviation Instructor's Handbookp. 2-1
  Chapter 2: Human Behavior › Definitions of Human Behavior › Instructor and Learner Relationship

  Instructor and Learner Relationship How does personality type testing affect instructors and learners? Research has led many educational psychologists to feel that based on personality type, everyone also has an individual style of learning. In this theory, working with that ... benefits both instructor and learner. Although controversy often swirls around the educational benefits of teaching learners according to personality types, it has gained a large following and been implemented at many levels of education. Today’s learner can visit…

• 14 CFR Part 61 — Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground InstructorsOpen
  14 CFR § 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight training device.

  flight simulator and flight training device. (4) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same type of airplane for which the type rating is sought; or (5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which ... hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought. (c) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if an airplane is not used during the practical test…