IL.V.D.S8

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 6-2
  Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › Primary Flight Controls

  Flight Control Systems Flight Controls Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder constitute the primary control system and are required to control an aircraft safely ... constitute the secondary control system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Primary Flight Controls Aircraft control systems are carefully designed to provide adequate responsiveness to control…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-11
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

  Figure 5-16. Ground effect changes airflow. Ground effect also alters the thrust required versus velocity. Since induced drag predominates at low speeds, the reduction of induced drag due to ground effect will cause a significant reduction of thrust required ... parasite plus induced drag) at low speeds. Due to the change in upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices, there may be a change in position (installation) error of the airspeed system associated with ground effect. In the majority of cases, ground…

• Aviation Instructor's Handbookp. 9-8
  Chapter 9: Techniques of Flight Instruction › Positive Exchange of Flight Controls › Procedure

  there should always be a clear understanding between learners and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process ... Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, “I have the flight controls.” If an instructor allows…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 4-3-30
  Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-25. Flight Inspection/‘Flight Check’ Aircraft in Terminal Areas

  Strobe lights should not be illuminated during taxi if they will adversely affect the vision of other pilots or ground personnel. f. At the discretion of the pilot-in-command, all exterior lights should be illuminated when taxiing ... across any runway. This increases the conspicuousness of the aircraft to controllers and other pilots approaching to land, taxiing, or crossing the runway. Pilots should comply with any equipment operating limitations and consider the effects of landing and strobe…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-51
  Chapter 6: Flight Controls

  Chapter Summary In order to sustain an aircraft in flight, a pilot must understand how thrust, drag, lift, and weight act on the aircraft. By understanding the aerodynamics of flight, how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft ... during flight maneuvers from stalls to high speed flight, the pilot learns how to control the balance between these forces. For information on stall speeds, load factors, and other important aircraft data, always consult the AFM/POH for specific information…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. G-8
  Glossary › Numbers and Symbols

  Gross weight. The total weight of a fully loaded aircraft including the fuel, oil, crew, passengers, and cargo. Ground adjustable trim tab. A metal trim tab on a control surface that is not adjustable in flight. Bent ... direction or another while on the ground to apply trim forces to the control surface. Ground effect. A condition of improved performance encountered when an airplane is operating very close to the ground. When an airplane’s wing…