IL.V.E.R5

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-7
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Induced Drag

  vortices) roll off the back of your wing, they angle down, which is known as downwash. Figure 5-10 shows the difference in downwash at altitude versus near the ground. Bearing in mind the direction of rotation of these vortices ... seen that they induce an upward flow of air beyond the tip and a downwash flow behind the wing’s trailing edge. This induced downwash has nothing in common with the downwash that is necessary to produce lift…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-16
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Aircraft Design Characteristics › Longitudinal Stability (Pitching)

  balance. Even though the horizontal stabilizer may be level when the aircraft is in level flight, there is a downwash of air from the wings. This downwash strikes the top of the stabilizer and produces a downward pressure, which ... certain speed is just enough to balance the “lever.” The faster the aircraft is flying, the greater this downwash and the greater the downward force on the horizontal stabilizer (except T-tails). [Figure 5-24] In aircraft with fixed-position…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-47
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Boundary Layer Separation › Shock Waves

  decrease in control force effectiveness. The loss of lift due to airflow separation results in a loss of downwash and a change in the position of the center pressure on the wing. Airflow separation produces a turbulent wake behind ... buffet (vibrate). The nose-up and nose-down pitch control provided by the horizontal tail is dependent on the downwash behind the wing. Thus, an increase in downwash decreases the horizontal tail’s pitch control effectiveness since it effectively increases…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 6-5
  Chapter 6: Flight Controls › Flight Control Systems › T-Tail

  aircraft. T-Tail In a T-tail configuration, the elevator is above most of the effects of downwash from the propeller, as well as airflow around the fuselage and/or wings during normal flight conditions. Operation of the elevators in this ... nose a given amount when traveling at slow speeds. This is because the conventional-tail aircraft has the downwash from the propeller pushing down on the tail to assist in raising the nose…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-11
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

  vertical component of the airflow around the wing is restricted by the surface. This alters the wing’s upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices. [Figure 5-16] Ground effect, then, is due to the interference of the ground (or water) surface ... wing encounters ground effect and is maintained at a constant AOA, there is consequent reduction in the upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 2-11
  Chapter 2: Aerodynamics of Flight › Airflow and Reactions in the Rotor Disk › Induced Flow (Downwash)

  efficiency (additional lift) being produced from a given blade pitch setting. Figure 2-20. Resultant relative wind. Induced Flow (Downwash) At flat pitch, air leaves the trailing edge of the rotor blade in the same direction it moved across ... still air to a column of descending air. Therefore, each blade has a decreased AOA due to the downwash. This downward flow of air is called induced flow (downwash). It is most pronounced at a hover under no-wind conditions…